SHRI MAHAVEER JI

PUBLIC SCHOOL

SESSION 2021-2022

CHEMISTRY PROJECT REPORT

ON

COLLOID

SUBMITT MR. HARISHANKAR VERMA (P.G.T

ED TO. CHEMISTRY) (XII)
SUBMITT SURAJ SHARMA
ED BY.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project been made by SURAJ SHARMA
class XII on the topic " COLLOID " as prescribed by
Mr.Harishankar, PGT Chemistry, during the academic year
2021-2022 as per the guidelines issued by Central Board of
Secondary Education – CBSE and have been completed it
successfully.
Mr. Harishankar (PGT - Chemistry) External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my Chemistry teacher Mr.
Harishankar sir as well as our principal Mrs. Sunita
Bhadauria who gave me the golden opportunity to
do this wonderful project on the topic COLLOID
which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and
I came to know about so many new things I am
really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and
friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project
within the limited time frame.
SURAJ SHARMA

Index
1. Introduction 2. Colloidal Dispersions
3. Classificationof Colloids 4.
Hydrocolloids 5. Dispersed Systems 6.
Stabilization of Colloidal Dispersion 7.
Destabilization of Colloidal Dispersion
8. Properties of Colloidal Solutions 9.
Application of Colloids 10.
Bibliography

COLLOID
-> Introduction :
A colloid or colloidal dispersion is a type of homogenous
mixture. A colloid consists of two separate phases : Dispersed
phase & Continuous phase. The Dispersed phase is made of tiny
particles or droplets that are distributed evenly throughout the
continuous phase. Homogeneous mixtures with a Dispersed
phase in the size range 1 nm to 100 nm may be called colloidal
aerosols, colloidal emulsions, colloidal foams, colloidal
dispersions or hydrosols.
If a colloidal has a solid phase dispersed in a liquid, the solid
particles will not pass through a membrane, whereas the
dissolved ions or molecules of a solution will pass through.
Some colloids are translucent due to Tyndall effect (scattering
of light by particles in colloid).
Some of the examples of colloids include butter, milk,
aerosols (fog, smoke), paints, glues etc.
This field of study was introduced in 1861 by Scottish scientist
“Thomas Graham”.

Colloidal Dispersions
>> Solute doesn’t completely dissolve in solvent but not
visible to the naked eye.
>> Will Scatter light – gives an opaque , turbid appearance
>> Exhibits characteristics of a molecular solution
(Brownian motion, capacity for diffusion)
>> Size 1 nm - 0.5 nm
 Classification of Colloids
-> Colloids can be classified on the basis of interaction between Dispersed
phase (DP) & Dispersion medium (DM) :

a) Lyophillic colloids / Hydrophilic colloids :

(i) Strong affinity is present between particles of DP & DM.
(ii) It’s reversible because DP & DM can be separated.
(iii) It’s stable & don’t get easily precipitated.

(iv)When DM is water , it’s called Hydrophilic.

b) Lyophobic colloids / Hydrophobic colloids :

(i) No or very low affinity is present between particles of DP &
DM.
(ii) It’s irreversible because DP & DM can’t be separated.
(iii) It’s very less stable & has tendency to get precipitated out
easily.

(iv)When DM is water , it’s called Hydrophobic.

-> Colloids can be classified on the basis of size of colloidal
particle :
Multimolecular colloids - Colloidal particle is aggregate of
small atom or molecule in which particles are held by van der
Waal’s force.

Macromolecular colloids - Colloidal particles is big

molecule or atom like colloidal solution of polymers. This type
of colloidal system is very stable. No need of aggregation or
subtraction.

Hydrocolloids
A Hydrocolloid is defined as a colloidal system wherein the
colloid particles are dispersed in water. Hydrocolloids can be
either irreversible or reversible. For example, agar, can exist in
a gel & sol state , & alternate between states with the addition
or elimination of heat. Many Hydrocolloids are derived from
natural sources like pectin is extracted from citrus peel & apple
pomade. Hydrocolloids are employed in food mainly to
influence texture or viscosity (e.g. – sauce). Hydrocolloids are
also used in skin-care & wound – dressing.
 Dispersed Systems
Dispersed systems may have different degrees of dispersion.
Suspensions & emulsions are classed as coarsely dispersed
systems, as particles of their dispersed phases are
comparatively large. Ordinary Solutions are systems having high
degrees of dispersion, as the distributed substance is broken
down into molecules or ions. An intermediate position is
occupied by dispersed systems, in which size of dispersed
particles is larger than in ordinary solutions. Such systems are
called colloidal solutions or sols.
Suspensions & emulsions contain particles visible under an
ordinary microscope. Their size exceeds 100 millimicrons (
0.1 micron ). The heterogeneity of such a system can be
detected by naked eye.

Stabilization of Colloidal Dispersion :

Stabilization serves to prevent colloids from aggregating. Steric
stabilization & electrostatic stabilization are the two main
mechanisms for colloid stabilization.
In a stable Colloid, mass of a dispersed phase is so low that its
buoyancy or Kinetic energy is too little to overcome the
electrostatic repulsion between charged layers of the dispersing
phase. The charge on the dispersed particle can be observed by
applying an electric field : all particles migrate towards same
electrode possessing same sign charge.

Destabilization of Colloidal Dispersion :

Unstable colloidal dispersions form flocs as the particles
aggregate due to interparticle attractions. This can be
accomplished by different methods :
 Removal of electrostatic barrier that prevents aggregation
of particles.
 Addition of a charged polymer flocculant. Polymer
flocculants can bridge individual colloidal particles by
attractive electrostatic interactions.
 Addition of nonadsorbed polymers called depletants.
 Physical deformation of the particle (e.g. stretching) may
increase van der Waals forces more than stabilizing forces
(such as electrostatic), resulting in coagulation of colloids
at certain orientations.

Properties of Colloidal Solutions

Tyndall Effect :
Visible scattering of light along the path of a beam of light
as it passes through a system containing discontinuities.
The Luminous path of beam of light is called Tyndall cone.
 It shows heterogeneous nature of solution. This effect isn’t
shown by true solution due to small particle size. Colloidal
solution & true solution are differentiated by this effect.

Brownian Movement :
Zig zag motion of colloidal particles in solution is called
Brownian movement. Colloidal particle is bombarded by
particle of dispersion medium & hence rather than
following straight line path follows zig zag path. Brownian
movement provides stability to colloids as it doesn’t allow
the particle to settle down under the influence of
gravitational pull.

Colligative property :

Colloidal particles happen to be aggregate. The number of

particles in solution is very small & so all colligative properties
are low & under the conditions only osmotic pressure is
suitable for measurement of molar mass.

Applications Of Colloids
(i) Cleansing action of soaps & detergents :
A micelle consists of hydrophobic hydrocarbon – like central
core. The cleansing action of soap is due to the fact that soap
molecules form micelle around the oil droplet in such a way
that hydrophobic part of the stearate ions is in the oil droplet &
hyrophillic part projects out of the grease droplet. Since the
polar groups can interact with water, the oil droplet surrounded
by stearate ions is now pulled in water & removed from the
dirty surface. Thus soap helps in emulsification & washing away
of oils & fats. The negatively charged sheath around the
globules prevents them from coming together & forming
aggregates.

(ii) Purification of water :

The water obtained from natural sources often contains
suspended impurities. Alum is added to such water to coagulate
the suspended impurities & make water fit for dinking
purposes.

(iii) Medicines :
Most of the medicines are colloidal in nature. For example –
argyrols is a silver sol used as an eye lotion, colloidal antimony
is used in curing kaalazar etc. Colloidal medicines are more
effective because they have large surface area & are therefore
easily assimilated.

(iv) Photographic plates & films :

Photographic plates & films are prepared by coating an
emulsion of the light sensitive bromide in gelatin over glass
plates or celluloid films.
(v) Tanning :
Animal hides are colloidal in nature. When a hide, which has
positively charged particles, is soaked in tannin, which contains
negatively charged colloidal particles , mutual coagulation takes
place. This results in hardening of leather. This process in
termed as tanning.
(ii) Rubber Industry :
Latex is colloidal solution of rubber particles which are
negatively charged. Rubber is obtained by coagulation of latex.

(vi) Industrial purposes :

Paints, inks, synthetic plastics, rubber, graphite lubricants,
cement etc., are all colloidal solutions.
 Bibliography

The information of the project “Colloidal Solutions” has been collected

from the following sources :

1. www.Wikipedia.org
2. NCERT Chemistry Part I
3. www.encarta.com