GENERAL CHEMISTRY

"COLLOID SUMMARY "

LECTURES: ELFRIDA GINTING,S.Si,M.Si

NAME: GRESIA

PALENTINA HUTAGAOL
NIM: 4193342003
PROGRAM: BILINGUAL BIOLOGY EDUCATION

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN

Colloids

I. What is a colloid?
A colloid is a mixture of solute and solvent in which the particles of solute are
intermediate in size between those found in true solutions (such as sugar in water) and
suspensions (such as chalk or sand in water).
Examples of colloids include tea, starch and milk in water, gelatine (a protein) in water,
aluminium hydroxide ‘gel’, and soapy water. Colloids are sometimes called colloidal
solutions, colloidal suspensions or colloidal dispersions.

II. Key points about colloids

1. The particles in a colloid have diameters in the range 1–1000 nm. Such particles are too
 small to be seen by optical microscopes. The particles are either very large molecules
(such as proteins) or else aggregates of molecules or ions.
2. The particles of colloids do not settle at the bottom of the container in the same way
that suspensions do, nor can they be filtered off using ordinary filter papers.However,
colloids can be separated from true solutions using a special membrane such a separation
is called dialysis.
3. Colloids can be distinguished from true solutions by shining light through the solution.
The relatively large particles of a colloid scatter the light. This is known as the Tyndall
effect.Car headlights in fog is a familiar example of this effect.

III. Classification of colloids

Colloid type Composition Example
Sol Solid particles dispersed in a liquid Most paints,starch and tea in
water,ink,soapy water,many
protein in water
Gel(or solid Continuous network of solid particles Jellies,gelatine
emulsion) dispered in a liquid
Aerosol Solid or liquid dispered in a gas Smoke in room,fog
Foam Gas dispered in liquid Beerfoam,soapsuds,whipped
cream and shaving foam
Emulsion Liquid dispered in liquid Milk,mayonaise,butter

IV. Emulsions
Dispersions of liquids in liquids are important commercially, and occur in
foods and in living organisms.Suppose we violently shake 1 cm3 of oil with
10 cm3 of water for a few seconds.Upon stopping shaking, the oil remains in
the form of tiny droplets for a fraction of a second before the mixture reverts
to two layers again. The purpose of emulsification (also called solubilization)
is to ensure that the solute (here the oil) remains dispersed permanently in the
form of tiny droplets. To achieve this, we add an emulsifying agent.Milk is an
emulsion of butterfat droplets in an aqueous mixture of sugars, mineral salts
and proteins. Ice cream is another emulsion with a similar composition.The
emulsifying agents in both emulsions are proteins with smaller amounts of
phospholipids, mainly lecithin. In egg yolk, the emulsifying agents are
phospholipids and cholesterol.
Emulsions play an important role in the digestion of fats in the intestines. In
the small intestine, fats are emulsified by the alkaline secretions of the
pancreas and the liver. Why is it necessary to emulsify fats before they can be
digested? The answer is that the rate at which fats are digested depends upon
the surface area of fat ‘solution’ exposed to the intestines. For example, if 1
cm3 of oil is dispersed to make oil droplets of 5 nm diameter, the total area of
all the drops is about 1200 m2! Emulsification spreads out the oil so
effectively that enzymes can break down fats more rapidly.
V. Soap
The colloidal particles of soap and other detergents are called ionic micelles.
Such micelles typically contain 50–100 ions stuck together (see page 175).
Ionic micelles are important in explaining the emulsification of fats and oils by
soaps and detergents. Apart from its use in washing clothes, soaps are used as
emulsifying agents in many cosmetics.
VI. Colloidal properties
1. Optical properties / can scatter light
Light scattering events by colloidal particles called the Tyndall effect.
 Solution> transmit light
 Colloids> scatter light
In everyday life, the Tyndall effect can also we observe, such as:
1.In the cinema, if there is smoke steaming, then from the light
the projector will look more light.
2.In foggy areas, highlight Car lights look more clear.
3.Incoming sunlight through the gap, into dusty room, then dust particles
will clearly visible.
2. Kinetic properties
There are two kinetic properties of colloids, namely thermal motion and
motion due to the gravity force.Colloidal particles always move continuously
with broken movements (zig-zag) which came to be known as.Brownian
Motion This Brownian motion was first put forward by Robert Brown,at the
time of studying the motion of pollen pollen on the water.G Brown movement
can be stabilize colloids because of particles colloids move on produce
continuously movements that can offset gravity,so colloids don't will settle.
3. Electrical properties
Colloidal particles can move in an electric field,this movement is called
electrophoresis.Colloidal particles have a charge on their surface caused by
ionizing or absorbing the charge.Hydrophilic soles such as protein solutions,
the charge is obtained mainly because of the ionization of the carboxyl-COOH
group and the amino group NH3+ At high pH the protein is negatively charged
and at low pH positively charged protein.
4. Adsoption
The size of colloidal particles is small so that the surface area and causes great
adsorption ability.Colloidal particles will be electrically charged, if colloidal
particles absorb ions charged, and these ions stick to the colloidal surface,so
the colloidal particles will be charged.Adsorption is the process of attaching a
substance to solid or liquid surface.Colloidal particles are easy adsorb
colors.Sol Fe (OH) 3 is able to adsorb H + ions, so Sol Fe(OH) 3 is positively
charged.
5. Coagulation
Coagulation is a clumping of colloidal particles,so that the stability of the
colloidal system is lost.Causes of coagulation in the colloidal system, among
 others due to influence:
•warming up
• cooling
• mixing of electrolytes
• long-lasting electrophoresis
Try to observe, the coagulation process which often happens everyday:
- Boil raw eggs inside water
- Cools jelly hot
- Delta formation is estuary river
- Purifying river water
- Rubber clumps inside latex
- Clumps of dust fumes factory with settler cottrel
6. Protective coloid
Is a colloidal system added to other colloids, resulting in stable colloids.For
example: in making ice cream, so ice is produced soft cream, it needs to be
added as gelatin protective colloid.

VII. Coloid Liofiles and Liofob

Colloids whose liquid dispersing medium is distinguished above 2 types
1. COLOID LIOFIL
Is a colloid which has a tensile force considerable interest between substances
dispersed with the medium.Generally, liofil colloids are thicker and more
stable than liofob colloids, because the dispersed phase is wrapped by the
medium, so it avoids grouping (coagulation), this is called Solvation /
hydratation.Liophyll colloids are reversible, because if they occur
agglomeration / deposition, and the deposition plus back liofil colloids.
2. COLOID LIOFOB
Is a colloid whose attractive force is between no dispersible agent with the
medium or very weak.Liofob colloids will be stable, if adsorbed an ion.

VIII.Colloid Manufacturing
1. Dispersion Method
-Mechanical dispersion, by grinding large particles to obtain colloidal
particles.Example: sulfur and urea are crushed then stirred with water to form
hydrosol.
- Electrolytic dispersion, this method of manufacture is carried out with a
device known as a Bredig arc.
- Peptization, made from coarse particles which are converted into colloidal
particles by the addition of water or substances other.Example: AgCl colloids
are formed by adding distilled water to AgCl deposits.Aluminum hydroxide
colloids are made by adding dilute (slightly) hydrochloric acid to the
precipitate Al (OH) 3 newly created
2. Hydrolysis Method
Sol iron (III) hydroxide is made by adding soluble iron (III) chloride to hot
 water, FeCl3 (aq) + H2O → Fe (OH) 3 (sol) + 3HCl (aq)
3. Dual Decomposition
- Making As2S3 soles is made by flowing H2S gas with dilute arsenic acid
(H3AsO3).Reaction: 2H3AsO3 (aq) + 3H2S (g) As2S3 (colloid) + 6H2O.
- Making silver bromide soles for making film, paper or photographic
peats.KNO3 is removed with dialysis method, then added
gelatin.Photographic emulsion is a suspension of silver bromide grains in
gelatin gel.
- AgNO3 (aq) + KBr (aq) → AgBr (sol) + KNO3 (aq)

IX. Colloidal Purification

1. DIALYSIS
Dialysis is, a process to eliminate ions that can interfere with colloidal
stability.In this process, the colloidal system is inside colloid pouch, put into a
laver filled with running water.Colloidal bags are made of membranes
semipermeable, which can be bypassed ions, but can't be passed by colloidal
particles.
2. Ultra Filtration
Paper pores can be reduced by dipping into a colodian.On
filtering need to use a water pump or vacuum pump.