Al ittihad private school Jumeira

Science department 2021/2022

We are a generation of heritage guardians and global thinkers

Name:___shahad budoor _____ Date:___19/05/2022______

Grade: __10AG____________

Lab Report: Properties of ionic and covalent bond

I. Purpose:
to distinguish between ionic and molecular compounds based on their physical properties

II. Introduction:
Chemical compounds are combination of atoms held together by chemical bonds. These
chemical bonds are of two basic type- ionic and covalent.

Ionic bond result when one or more electrons from one atom are transferred to another atom.
The atoms from positive and negative ions which attract to each other. Ionic compounds are
composed of large numbers of positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions) so that the
amount of positive change equals the negative charges.

In covalent bonds the electrons are shared between two bonded atoms. A molecule is a group
of atoms that are bonded together by covalent bonds. Molecular compounds are composed of
these molecules.

The physical properties of a substance such as melting point, solubility in water, and
conductivity of a dissolved solution tell us a lot about the type of particles in a compound. In
this experiment, you will conduct tests on the physical properties of different compounds and
compile data enabling you to classify the compounds as ionic or molecular.
III. Pre-lab Questions:
1. What is an ionic bond?
ionic compounds have higher melting and boiling points. - They also exist in shapes of the
crystal due to dipole interactions. - they are soluble in polar solvents like water, - they do not
catch fire, - they have high density

2. What is a covalent bond?

A covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons. Covalent bonding results in the formation
of molecules or giant structures. Substances with small molecules have low melting and
boiling points and do not conduct electricity.

3. Ionic compounds are composed of what particles

Ionic compounds are compounds composed of ions and charged particles that form
when an atom (or group of atoms) gains or loses electrons.

4. Molecular compounds are composed of what particles?

A molecular compound consists of molecules whose formula represents the actual
number of atoms bonded together in the molecule.

5. What physical properties will be tested for each compound in

this lab?
 Relative melting point determination
 Solubility in water
 Conductivity of Aqueous Solution:

IV. Equipment:
Hot plate Spoon
Conductivity apparatus. Beaker

V. Materials:

Sucrose sodium chloride copper sulfate distilled water

VI. Procedure:

Relative melting point determination:

1. Obtain 3 labeled 100 mL beakers
 2. Place a few crystals of sucrose, sodium chloride, and copper sulfate in each beaker.
3. Make sure you are able to distinguish each compound. Write a description of each in the
data table.
4. Turn the hot plate on high and observe the order of melting of each of the two
substances. Record the order of melting in your table. After 5 minutes, record an N in
your data table for each substance that did melt. (Note: if the compound does not melt,
the temperature was not enough to reach the melting point, the melting point must be
relatively high). Turn off the hot plate. Allow the foil to cool while you complete the
remainder of the experiment.

5. Solubility in water:
Put a few crystals of each of the solids in 3 different beakers.
Add 10 mL of distilled water to each compound using a graduated cylinder. Stir using a stirring
rod. It is necessary to observe the solids for several minutes to determine if they dissolve or
not. Place a check on your data table by the substances that are able to dissolve.

6. Conductivity of Aqueous Solution:

Using the conductivity apparatus and aqueous solutions already set up in the previous step, test
the conductivity of each solution by dipping both electrodes in a beaker. Be sure to rinse the
electrodes using distilled water between solutions, and then dry them with a paper towel.
Record in the Data table if the multi-meter will ready any voltage.

VII. Data table station:

Compound Color Sketch Shiny/blur

Sucrose It was a yellowish- Slightly shiny
brown

Sodium Chloride Ours didn’t melt Either slight

properly but there shininess or nothing
was light yellow
color coming from it
Copper sulfate The copper sulfate Nothing
had turned from a
strong blue color to
a light blue almost
white color

Disposal and cleanup

Excess compounds can be rinsed down the sink. Clean the well plate by rinsing it in water. Use a
paper towel to clean each well. Aluminum foil may be thrown away.
VIII. Data table (steps 1 to 6)

Compound Physical Relative melting Solubility in Solution

description point ( melted water conductivity
1st, melted 2nd, (dissolved, did (conducted well,
didn’t melt) not dissolve) did not conduct)
Sucrose It became a Melted first Most of it 0.87
( C12H22O11) yellowish liquid Dissolved
Sodium Chloride It clumped Slightly melted Half of it 0.98
(NaCl) together and second dissolved
became one
piece
Copper sulfate It became Don’t melt Verry little 1.35
(CuSO4) lighter and dissolved
started popping
out

IX. Post lab Questions:

1. Which of the compounds used in the lab are ionic?

Sodium chloride is an ionic bond
And the copper sulfate is also an ionic bond
2. Which of the compounds used in the lab are molecular?
None or the sucrose
3. Which type of compound has the lower melting point- ionic or molecular?
Ionic compounds have much higher melting points than molecular compounds.
Molecular compounds have much lower melting points.
4. Which type of compound is a better conductor- ionic or molecular?
Because molecular compounds are made up of neutral molecules, their electrical
conductivity is low in both solid and liquid states. Because its ions are unable to flow in
solid form, an ionic compound is not electrically conductive ("electricity" is the flow of
charged particles
5. Did all ionic compounds dissolve in water?
Very little ionic compounds are dissolved in water.
6. Did all molecular compounds dissolve in water.
No, not all of them dissolved in water. The most one that was dissolved was sucrose.
The other ones very little dissolved.