CHEMTSTY

Ceordinote Covolent Bond

s a type Covadent bondinga

all t etectong a harcd by onby one aD.

hey have prope«ties n betuee tte n i c Cund

Covalent COnpound

Example ammonium fon, hydidmuy ion

Vandar waals tnteraction -

Thege are
Comparatively weaker fDrce foces
whentwo e Cube are pree onc
Besent
they beho a One

rplains t behaiour of
Vandurwoad's esuofton
veal

tydrogen Bonding
interaction of hydrdga ottache d to
The octra ctive
electoneqative element Such a. Nitree )

and fuovine Som another mole cule)

OxyRn
Oxyse

onding OCCurss tnovqani organk)

Acid andBaye Indicotors
Colour
Colour inn i'n Basie
PH ranee Acidic medi um mediu
ndicotor
Met o OYOng yellos

yellos
Blue
vomophene Bue 6-
Blue
yellos
8-9
Thumol Be
colourles Piok
8-10
Phend
henolphtfodein
red
ello
(5) 2ahn yelous

Salts
- Salt on onic Compound whlch is esult of
heutrolisotfon veaction betueen acid andd base.
bage
HCE NaO Nac +H2o
Mixed SoJt obtained netroks efon o one acel

i t h two bases or a bage t h two acids. (Ca Oc1)

Ooule solt Lt is obtined by

in
miing two 6r

Salts Mohr Salt

Fe SQy H, JSo,.6th o)
ommo Sedt Sodiumn Chlonde ((NaCl) also kn0wn aj fol
(A)
Sea water.
It ts obtained4 mem

akn Socde Sodium hudrDgen Carbonate (NaHC02)

-Tt ild hon- CorYDSive bage.

mixed wiTh tatane acid t alled

he
baking pouder and (s sed to make breads and

Coke

Jt also uged ag ild ant(septic tor skin

in-fe cthions and as fire extingui shers

Wahing Soela.! Sodium Car bonotc. Deca
Oeca hyedrate
(Na, COg lortho) used tn das Soap and mper industy

and is also uscd to emave per manent hardness of

tater

Radio acthit
vlas discovered emy Becquerel, tt term
fer

adioactivty wa Coined b Madam Cun'te

The pro cess ot
pontane ous dsintegrat on of nucleu
s called Radioactivit
2tvmaing unaffectcd b extenolfactors
Such o tCmpestve and pve4sue.
 Polonium s a man-made Yadidactive Subrtonce
Omt of radioactivity ís urie, Pecquerel, Ruthersford
Radioachivity t
meaguredbGeiger muller o
uinter.
In
n ad iativity hiqhyun stoable rent hucleuy
loge
ose in terms of ts mays
by emitting radishion,
Such a a
tpha pashclt , beta tcle and gamma

ya leaving behind caughter nueleus with less

huc lear masg.

Alpha Partide tis positi vely charqed Hetium hucleuy.

S
with +2unit
charge and Gu nass.

fthas
has lo
lo penetratinq pouser, hlqh Cinetic ner
tnery
ard ionisation pou
Ousing an olpha pastice eml ssion otomic mag qets
Ouino
reduced by units and otDmic humbe by unit

Bcta Povtidle. at electoay wth unit d O ma

T hav high eneta Pousethan alpha paticle
Durinc emiSsion of beta particle atomic humber
Durio an
tncreaseS by one wth ho cr
nma humber
Chamme o electromaqneti rocdiation They haue
b lonising pouer onkiretic ene
 LLLLLS.
Nucteoar Rssio Nuclea tusio
n i a heam hucleus splits into Jhen
Ahen lintor hutlei (uith lous
Smodler atornic nas) Conbine to ive
raqmnents accompinied b
heavie
emission of neutrons and alarGe nucteus.
amout o f eneqy t ccur veny high tmperoture So

O T Sum t masse3 e s Thoan Onginal scalled Thermonuclear Yeactnon.

mass h ich getT gonvested into Tt is the
endrqy r o nuc leaY tusioy

ene tEinstein's may

eneqy acbrdingt thod fuels t Sun and otXer sta
ere elation
Iy-ahdome bombt tsotpes of
Uranium(1is) splts to Bouy
Eoriu huydrogen - Deterum and tritium qts fuscd
and kryptdn to he lum hucleu ane netron
This veltaes l7:G Mev
() In huclear recctor(Contadlle ene2ro
chain reaction UikeNuclear tisgion there no limit
( Nuclkar bombuncontrol to t e amount of
fston thar can occur
Chan Yeaction. (
 OREHANTC CoMFUNDS
These art
t Compound of cavbpr andd hydoge
ith otRer elements like
phox phorug, oxypn, hit
Sulphur halaeens etc
ge
Uea s t first oqanic (ompound to be Synithegise
tn labovatbr

Acettc acid stke hrst orqanic Compound to

to be
be
Sthesise4 n labovatdr om its elements.

HTOPoCAP BONI
te COmpOunds of Carbon and hydrt
These are
Only
Ssturattdhdroarbons 1hese Corn pounds Contaio singte
bDnd, also Enou a alkanes Pasatfins
Eeneeenero fdrmula tor alkanes S2n+2
t i stitmember
t of ths enes ir hethane CH.
CHy
Unturoted hdroarons
Atkenes Cortain double bonel, gen br muwa Cthn
fhn
have tople bond with t k qenerc tdnmuda Gt
Atkunes
e orpes CH CHio
Akanes
mMethare Cethane) Propan Butane

A l K e n e s
Atkmes-
ethene (A cet lene
Homo0qous Series t is a senes s (pm pound

In which adja cent ember differ -CH un

OY T un mals.

Electron-3) Thoms on otvn - PutherfordNleuthron- James Chad wid

leetron wa di coverc b J5 Thomes on and a

fune in hell of atdm

antipaHele is positron .ts mas is 9-1xloka

O.006Sy u

It h Gs
char -16x(o Coulomb
The aludops Coy hRaative charge
They 9enerate Xya

Proto Dis co vered by otherford

it present m side t h hucleu.
t has char 6 19 Coulomb.
x Lo
ODT27u ít ma
ha man 611Ylo
1836 of tle elechron
tha

Afeutron E hadwick,t s pvesent ns ide the nucleuy

char gc
t h a s ho Chay
mss G 7L Xlo Ka,
Hydro qen oxtov oloesn have neuto in it
 Alemtc Number (2) Tt is eeu to hunber
o potong. or hum ber of electroos in (ase of a
ne trol
he trol ctom, ii itten ag Subs Cript to te le-ft
fe Symbol of an elemeit

&-Atpmic Number 6 Ma Namber

Mass Numbtr(A)
(A-iti e surm of number of pyobong
and heutrong
T wnten o aSubscnpt t th i e t of 0

Jsot pes Lsobars (MBA

Same Atomi numper bu Sa mas humber

dfferent moss humber ditferent Atomic Numbey

40 yo
-7Y 1 Ca
5 (pvotium

H COeuteium)
tiwm
Ocey af SOrne Metal and non Metol

Silve
Silver Jodide usec fo a»tificia Yain

Mex cean Chloicde sused to

prepave (al Omel and
as poiso
Hydvone pesOxide Cyed a an xidising a ,
bleaching aen as an n.secticidJe Ond toY
uwaghin
old oil paistings

em Ode issed tn Jewel ler rough

ilver nitrate al so kho asuncav Caustc is uyed

to ink wed
dui yotin
X
Metalloids and their Usey

elements hich posseg t qualitie of botk

The
metals Onc non metals.

The an D-block elements.

parts
parS.
Acon S use d in Comp uter

prma n u sed optic fibve a ts oxide.

AYSCnic s alloye t h lead in Ca bätttrier

Antimoy ait Oxide as a tlame etavdant

letle ium is used i Some tue of Sola Panclc.

obe 9ases
These are qoup I& elements, These have fJ,
le valon ceshelt
Helium used for d luting te pun in

deep-S diver's as tanks uo ed to inf totec

es ef lare OurCyafts, weathey aloo ng

oecouf ts gt and fafta mmolle
Neon uted fn Sicm-tubing-

Arn red1n weldins and Commm On

blby
Kupton and Xenon
Xenon tranaer oa a yed in
phoetoqraphic ffajik units and houe
in l'Ght houge

t hatt ve which metal

Minevo
exits n natwe

ninera Dmwhich matter Con be

An Or s a

erractecd nrenientl and economicol

are mineyo bil all hincyoaly at not ot

A orej

GGnque Commtrtially valut lep matcno which

GancyR Ore is found.
Metalluvq s prDces o extcaction af hotal

rom ts Ore

Calcindtioy fs t poess of heatine Concentratce Or

cubsence of a be lous its meltine point

done fov hdyoxide or Car bonot t ore.

> Jt i core n Yever beratony urna Ce

Koestin is the pvocess of heoting Conc entra ted ore in

used or Sul phide ore.

olone eveY berafon tur nace.

 Chemicel Name of ormuJa
Metal Name o òre
man @minera in Oc

NaC
odium Chlonde
o c Salt
Sodium CaCO
alctum arbonae
Calcim
i on
Mamti um
MaO
Magne Sium
Moqnesi Car bonoft

AMumint um Oxide
umi nium
Sulphida ZoS
Cne Blende 2Anc
n
+faem@fiR
Jnon (TT) oxide Fe,O
Blout Ivon oride
non Fe0
aqnethte
o n () TD) onida)

Casstite o(IV) oxide SnO

lead()ulphida
alenc
mixture ot copper ()CufeS,
(op per Sulphide and ron (CuS+Fes)
os) halopui te
Slphida
Mortumy C2) Wehicde
CAnnaboY
Merm
 Chemico Kand 13
formed belemtnits o
Fo Complete
Chemica or
Their valence shell
ele chrons
n eneA Ctno
ond results in decrease
hemicol
n CrealAS stabilty

Electrovolent (o«) Jonic Bond;

byelectrostatic mtroctton between
sfomed

Chargcd fons
Oppoitel
hich s ually a
between Ctton
D i foymed
anon-meta.
which is sual1
and an Onion
meto
n mmolfen
olfen
and
and agucous tott,
aqucous stott.
in
electycit
he
The
Conduct

hin melting point

They hav

TO fon o fonic
onic
parate
ue
he eneoM
Called ener
atice enerqu
Compound
Magnesium Oxide
Sodium Chloyide ,
Erample
 Covalent Eond
of electon
actu transer
Ahis here l no

sha electyong.
tom
two efe ctrong
ele ctpn
bo fofmed tby
formed w o
be Single bono
tmay ma ot
douldle oDnd by shanng
bond shanng
m a ch atDm)
ele ctns
tix ele
ot rix cton
electron tiple bond by shaing
DuY
fDur

Conductoy oelectici y,they have

YOn
incoluble în
Od ey thermaConduct vity ,and are

but art Solule 1n ovgaoi Solvents |ike benz2ene

J attr
watC

re ette etc
Gcetore
me tig pont
nave oubDiin point and
The nave
n hadue , have definite
diveetfonal
Theyare

eomeA

mehane
watey, m m o n
ia,
xanple-