ME 1ALURONY loL)

Matoku8*
um
Ua as:Nahwal4 ocCwung ubshmo um whuch mdal enistsum pus davm combinad

faxan
a Tha mumaxals
om which meta can bs economucall and Conutinuanti nbiorld
tamuoHn ae us ubually condaminatad tuitho eanthu OH wndsuol matuols

ALO mumenals au not anus bud

(halcogenfomily
s Colled

(all
OMAAOM,munwalss o 4avimuing, am

Natiue Qvesbilwe.Gold, Platimum ste occw as nawe os

b) Ows Contauns natad in combunsd
i) m
Combinad
xidised Os i)sulphuwuyed re Halidy Os

FElLcbtochemie al duus L Mn

K Zn THM
Down OP J CH Au
(h aitsRP T Ca EM Fe
Na
boubilibyo
id ) Cod
Medal
AN
CD
Ni
Sn
Pb
PM
A+B T
H2
Cu
Hg

Fps Mtallungy

Elucbyomata lMunpt whan

wlectnoyais unvolve
En- S block and
un
A.
entraction pu metal pem aa.

2)PyromataluNgH whan hoabmg tetunvolue un ebrachion o puu mutak uom o.

E-Mm, n,h, Fe,Sn,Pb igu)Hg.

ah groda

3)AycsonalalbuwAghu (uldou
grado)
Hs wn a wuutahle 6oluent un heh mtallie
mutalli
un volves dusoubion of
ltralion
medal can be pecpualad
u us houble &Impwitis
a uns oluhle Aptu

buaung ut orth maxa olcbtopasiue ohmants

 OMatallugpl02
# Seps Tnuolved um MetaUlLUNgY

rauitydepexationt Cushing
Mag nuae pe Phyaical Congandatien ot o ChemCaY Leachung
FHoth Floalahion
Concemtated @e0
Roaan A
Calcinatien Conuexsion o@ unto Onide

n
By Coxbo
Metal xide

Mond's
Process
apou
Zoe eining
phase voprnung
mol bingReduotion B By Aluumunium
Sel Reduehbn
élkebiolytie
Cupelatien Metal By
Thanal
va Axkel Lmpue
PHoCess Poling dvo Metallurgieal
Bassemorizabon Raun
Amalgamaien
Liguatien Pur Meta
Diill
atien
ElectoRelininge-

A) Cuushumg amd uHun dung

The d utCushod
w by Uusho and 10und do poode (alo kmo on as

Paluauzatien

8)Concontuatien o thi O
The Hamoval oumuo anlbd kelss umpuwuities om the a us Called dressimg
dxossum

Concomiatien bimaloctien

Ramouad oagus a by alpingmethod

PhysLcal Mthod Chemica Method

1) CHauuty epnation ) Leachun

2) Magnobie eporat9n

3) foath loataiion
 MeuQugy to3)
#
Leuigaton dy buvauity epevatien

)Baued on dleremce um demauhes o 0gamg poticles

i)Poudored @H tOlth gamguo us inbroducsd un unning sbuam owaten
) ad Lighdow mpuruly pavlicteswashod o with oalr and haauier au paxtices sat
don

bottom

0) Gemenally (idosamd

*@Ho
Magnetie

Enample
amd
depoyai0n

Gangus

Feg0
Fe20s
caxbonaduas)au

ae daperatd

npwihios
l
enly on
concentratod by

o thom s
this

hawing
mthod.

magnote (phopnty

MRo2 H
Tu0 thf@xoapett
(3Cag (Pou)2 Cat2)

U
Magnetic
Nen-Magnelie AGhlla

Sno2
Non
t Fedoy+
Mn ldoy 9 u
mag notic
6
mag notie coolfromi
Oreof tumgaton)

# Hoath

) employed
#loatotne
Jor sulphidy aes
o
and with oiland wate
i)Boued on dlleontwetting Chanacdexaties o hanmguo paxticly
epectwey
in)1Hpes
muntHal stieks do ai bubble amd uemauning gangue
Durect Floatotien Technuquo down at boto.
setly
.Raveuo Plolatienediniqua qamgua sticks
de an bubble

iu) Pinu

Foioth
, Cucalyiusoil,

StabljzaTo mauntain
Cruds
Minena
oil atty
leuhme
sattlecdown
aeid

au bubbl
at botom

Honlhing 0gent

PH2 OH
Anilirie Crobol CH

A
 METALLUR(YY (04)
gdue
phemo momon, 1S
# Joduun EHhyl Xamthato X UWAd as collucla Based on adsarption

Pad of Jodüum EhyP Xathab

+
i)Hycbrophilie(polan) -0-C-sNa
non PolaH
i)Hydrophobie (non-polay Pola
Pupaation H oH SH
R Na'/OHp-0-d-SNa
H20

Btaps oithaH bubbl

ouphudo as:adaxb by polax pat amd non polan part of
CollectoHAssocíat
amd col0ected at dwYac whe agan
i)On parhcle vraised do the durc
along asy hubhl0
Pachele a wettod and wottl/ddown ht botom o tank
which thay haue preloxamlua
Sulphicleds and depaibd on dwyac by pune wawds ilto
oeHung ptopedy
i) As ay bubbls buwut, dhe odium ethl xanthato Comes down

pecialCond"8-
omoimes dwo o moe metas sulphioly
ano dmultameo us0y pAomt, thom thoy anosopenatod

by usung (dapasamt 3 actvad@)

makes
water eplamt
Hivadaus incasLs acityaf colectoyand th
minerals swyaes by Hesuing ut touwands
alocalloddeaetivataws (doacti
uatos
Deptusbamt watn oil propawhon , we
achon collecdous.En: (NacN KCN)* By adusbng
Cat sepinateout Phs znS
as colleahon
Pbs +Zns
PbS +Zn S Naz
dapxabsont
[zn(cnuhtPbsT time changol (Swyac tension)
Cuoy
activata
Zn S) fothfloataion)
(bomaimas
Cu(CA]+ 2nS ms aiCompli nuethod com be er Malachity
oven du aci waiv Solubl
nen-dulphido aviö
#leachumgdissolubionof metallie a w ud ablt doluent un which metallio a souhle
impuwitio a
ub
insolubde.
(Hydvomballungy
Chemucalmatho d of conc7
Employud Jo Coten o
au of (A,Au,Ag etc)
(Og s used ay dhuf
i)Mad- Athun Foxast RHocss (qanidpos)
(equa do forwand
2S+ NaCN - No Ag (CN)2] + Mag S
duectiÝn
NogS +02t
+H20 NaoH + NaSoy +Sv
i)Leachung o Ag tom Natue Ou
9P
(02 isused fon
+kcN+ H0102 K[AgCn)2)+4koH
CPalAu)
opida g
HgaS+2 NaCN 2AgCn +Na2S
AgCN
+ NaCN
NafgCcw)) x2
(encess

(F82S +4NaCN 2 Na [RgCcw)a +Nag9 barme,aPa

 Mata leux
Conueion
Concemivatod ave intoxidh u
Calcination
Htaking o athigh tempexatuu but buow ub molhing pointun abaence of

u
aiu
mibd duppy au
heatad
ab&eme oain de amove od a CO rom hydnattd Oudes
CQubonats pechuw ey
Um9 Calinationshyduaod au betomos anhycrous ouganie matb masture,volatile
Impvuties ae umou ld beeause thy ao olatilo
il)
aa toillbacoma o area uncwasos Huduaion bacomos eas
paxous swaco
AR203 3H20
3Al2s+3Ho
2Fe203 3H20 22fe03+3H20
CaCO3 a0+ + CO2
Mgcos
Roastung
Koastung Heaimg o ae at high tempexatu belo
itsmelingpoirt un
aUne
(RGuldsPpy hi) us callud Ho0stim

l
i) emploued a ulphd Os
iPbS+
Chemica
O
Conuexaion

Pbo HC02T
of aa us takas
place

AA bS+02
g PbS
(Maj
blo w henwe
Pbsoy (passi temp. of wnamee tollsbloo Soo'c)
+02

ii)a dome
unoM

imputitossamov ed as volatulo
aubattanas
ul t
S+O2 so2
As +02 As,0T
Sb+02 Sb203T e ud
us not den only pax Aulphido uy.Ens- Feb +di0 FeSi03

G
*Roastumg

Xbomotimos about Complete oxidation.

H0astmg may not bung

VrBYoR
R
2) Do NAXE
4)
h
3) [MINH)

0b
NH
[M(Hho)]
Ha070
R B
A
[M(
dl

UE) abs R
NAXhV
VAY hC 6)2 R 0
(Ao H20 H3
ab
 ME TA 44UROY(o2
Reduetum
Caxben Racuchen acd a Oxidas o ass elecbropaautiue matals ike
Fe Sn Zn,Pb.
Matal Oxide +Coka Powda Flux rmetal+Co2 Slaq

Smeltingds a Pxocss applurg hoat

do aneUun anda do ežtradt a bass madas
MD2 +C MO+cO
MO CO Co2
Flux-additional
substance that ane used lmoval
i) Acidie fluz enove basia impuwlity
of umw anted imp uwut
impu
L=es
Si02 Nag B,07 Mg0
Mgco3 +Sio2 Mgsiog+Co2
Mgcog O2
B203 MaO
Feo+ Si02
FeSi03
Mg Si03
(B-+S02 C4lg)
i)Baauc fux 8-Ca0, Co0, Fe Cos, (A)
MgO, Co CO3
omo ve acidie mpwuty
P2Os+3Ca0 Caa (PO4) 2
BlogTnsolubli m G solubloinpuritios.

Slog ummiscibl y@/with madallic

than
ar,Qghten tham metallie a ,Low malting poit
metallic ow amd us calod as K/s cnde
fumctien flun Base en ux-floodConcapt-
OdonaH Base 0 accaptonAid
Ca0+ Si02 Ca Si03 Ca0+ P2Os Co(PO9)2
(impuuby) (fux) Basn)
(Slog) (Acid) (
4l0)
Bas) (Acid)

* Mn, 38Cor haue high apinty o 0gen. bo, tus not posibloay Cdo doduco
ut at noumaltenpexdttuke UWwhon itedus metal ozido high ad
emp eHolw meal caxbidg) us
oumod, whioh makOs ut impw.So dlumini-
wTn u ubed oH Oducien.
de bingor size e 2n as Compared to Mn, C (
Duo
zn than C C dBe>n't not Jtuck un voido
biggoy voids size)un
g
30, t us not accomodated wn voic.So, C us used Qs ut
alosize o voids) n(duo
cho ap.

2n Y zn

(C Zn Zn
C
 08 M8 TIOROROY (6
owmit Rrduclien Cveldsshmidt Alumino Theemith Heductien
Bo0a KO A
AR act as ruducimg agent dus to EP ndtis uLcalie
Oxidas auch as Cor, Mna Oy ave
od duesd by thuy muthod

g Ribbon BaO, BaO +0+HT

MO+R
kCIO3 +
Cutiber KC& 3(o)+ET dolublo
Usad
Thiek MO+ A Al2Og+ M
actaxy mateuat
Highly exethavmio BoM
High moltung point substames
T6oo-I70o g:Si02
Thevmub Aeacten: AR O2 Azo3 + Thowmub weldumg

BaO Ribbon Aa0 + (0) + Hrat (fe,0acan't commerci all

Rabo 3
3 Radu cimg yent u
(Aed by thoernut duhon)
t Al CH
CH203
MngOy+ AR Mn+
+Ai203 Fe20g+A Al203 + Fe gSP
Al203
used yar
SiO2+ AR si +AO3 ulidaly joinumg Haul
Fe,03 AL A 0ad amd known Thbrmieta
Fe +Al203
welding
TiO2 AL i +Al20s
A ducuen mtals des
employd yay o actiwe such as Ho,Cu amd Pb
no
Rsducing Agent uqused Unstablt nature d Oxids atHoom temp
PbS+02 Pbo +So2T u2S+O2 Cu20 +SO2 gS +02
PbS Pbo Pb+ Hgo+SO2
So 02 CuzS +Cu20 Cu + So2
Hs+HgoHa+ Soz
4Thaemal Decomp0.sulien KaActLEN 9 Ag,0 2 Ag 2 Duu tedowe anty
Ha0 Hg O2 @ 9en.
S
HyduomadallungRiductien by ucptatien) i)Concentrat ed res us diusolved un srong
i)Additen o mo EP m etal vwogent and omove insoubl pucipitäas
ni)Mau €P metal dusplacs das EP metal saltsoluuhen. uem
9 Rg2S+4NoCN Na Ag CcN).]+Na,S
Na[Aglcn)2] Zn
2 +
Nog 2nCen)y]+2A9g
6 ElacboltieReduchon eniNactien o
hughly (EP)metals.
electuopasitive
En No,K,Mg, ta,Al ute.
Cathod Cuhion
Hnods Anion
Puulicalien| Meta0lugy (o1)
L Zen Ropumng, Method
This us based On
oluble un liquid
PrOpUNly o Umpwutios thak thoy ae mae
phade un dolid
Ustd un tham phase
purjicatien
oultna
S1, pww metals &uch as
Gre,Ha,B and In
Based 9nactonalvyatallizaien
mthod

2)lapour Phase
Repiming-: inmpuo metal volatila
compound md mam
puwu mctal.
da comp ase te gue

Aan- Arkel(do-Bce)Mathod metal us Conuextod umto

ovolahulkvboublo compound e
en impuhituy
(Vey sou yor removing) locicle and mo ec7
allVo ae and nihogn Compoumd obdainod u clocomp@sed to get pwo metal.
(Prasuntnyaum of ipwriy. Employed forpwilication o metals k [T,2nHF,Th8&B
(wnCttaun 'metalsdik Zr&Ti ils)
+21,(g)2501 TiIlg) +272lg)
Tils)
9sP (impwo) puue)
BMond's ProcassNiO
(s)-+Halg) - >Nils)
+H,O(g)
Impud
impuwo niokle has wHon and cobalt10S impuwil4

Ni+9CO So-60 220-2S0 N+9CO

(impwe))(830-340lco)y220-2s0
Ni(co)4(so-y70K)
Ipua)
)Based
3 Diuillaion on
dilfewnce un Boiuing Point o metals amd
impwritias
)6mployed ya dow
B:P ikemetalseg|zn, Halete.
BP 910°767°C
Zn ACdr
SCoTH67°c
Fe
Pb) 2ZnT
Enfe,Pb)T79102
Hg2357C
impurities) Fe,Ps? BP about 1500°c.

4 Liguatieni)
)
Pruinepal MeltingPoint matal
MP o
i) Cmploged
rmadal

a
MP o impurity
9 mpwit, (dewnt

pvipaion ofmetals like Pb,Sn,B ete.

MP)

U)Uaed when ds 10 to 1S 7.
impuutH

S Amalgamatien pO Nobl meal oxos ikp Pg Hu as hun powdered atate ao mixed with

uwd
CO

to axm sluwy. The mètal lwv is tham flown ovesCu

pavuliclsOming-
Brass Plates coaed with Hg- amangsd un
am algam with Hg- ao retainodbn these
slambing position
Platey
Amalpamus sotapped offand then dutllod un retaet on
ohe Ha diubll ätoh over lhaving- metals. eo
Hg Uapo
wn.

M+Hg M-H AH cam oum alloys with mam

Hg co motals ercopt
OP,Fe,
Cimpucl) (amalghm) M(pwo) w.
 08 etalu9o
6OxidabionMethe di)elactiweOidatuon Method haue
in
thaA metals in wheh thi imputulas
1)U4Rd 4a valining
até femtunuy do gat oxidized them matal ube
e
1)impuxutias Conuext into oxids and skimmad G ha meta
) Vaious oxidatienpHouss used such a.
BuLmusatien|?1)UAcd ya pvilieatien
of cast wven un atvolmanuaTu
Tt s o/ inmpwru Cu.
used to purificatisn
2)
S+O2 SO2 +O2 i02 i
P+O2 P20s As +O2 AS2O3

C+O2 CO2 Sb+O2- Sb203

Cupellatien )Apeapie forA amd Au
i) Otha mtals ako
pxsent un yawm
ompivulias
n)Lmpwuty has highay oxugun alinitythan matal
Pb+ Ag 0O2 Pbot +Ag

AgentiowDuslend.
c Pllinghen madal hawe impuwrihy ot uk ewn
eun matal oxida.
metal oaida B
Cuz0, s, As
Sn Snoz, Cu, Fe, w 7Maya

Pollungo umpu Cu contains impwitias oCAs,Sb,Fe 8 uo)

impwu Cu dwmalt un Jeu exb exat@y wum amci dimed withlSO=
02 passed uno fwnance0dise the othen impwity bud Fe as d conuexet fnto
Feo aum Feo
alag >FeSi0sf>Sio2iningot fuwunames.
Molten u delt"bahdTcontainsCu,0fas impuwiby
Molten u 5 baated with amthraciko powclo amd stied with
Guoon wood Wboratns pole o geem wood.
HycltoCarben gasts at high temp eyalua.
u20+ CHy +
CO2 +H2 u
(RA) (99S7)
Sn
Polluna 37.Condauns inpuwitas of
Fe,aw (u, J02)
impuu matal s
stiwud with pole gen wood.
Sno2t CHy Sn +C02+H20
Impuutlsof u,few Come up te wyace wheo they gutozidis
0icuscoloumo impuitiasis callod sCum
 M87ALLUR UAY (og)
(6RoctoRapumung Method 9 employed o undyhighkEP rotals uhe
(O)

mpure madal
AR, Cu, Pg,2n,
Sn ,Pb C , and Ni.
?nodu,puo matal ahet Cathodo),amd
Solublohalt bolulion ofmetal eloctyolyausComprus
ng torth
On pasing
elaabu ityom soln,metal trem (amode) dssoloed amd
boluublimpuibi cleposiHeod at(catho
9oes umto sol
fnsolubl impuutiw ettledown amd
favm "amoce mud" below amcde

Reduen

Cathodo pwu cell)

Anods (Impua cell)

Cu Cut2

(oxid")

(Anodo mud)

Anods Mud
Fox choosing Elnctoly
Mn 2n Fe Nu n Pb A
Aa

0PT 0xid"(x) Ozud"

ometal
Pots Ozid" Pot
Mn 2 2n)Fe Ni >Sn> Pb u( Auanod mud oamuon o

RPM
tcolta
Mn< 2n <fe <Ni <Sn < Pb | Lmpuxitis Mom blstercopper dap@suts as
(amodo mud which condains Sb,dè,Aq,hu 3
bol"(Tonu)

(Cateachion tal
Zn (znS)
Enbracton af
O couHamee zinc Blomda (znS),
Calamine ay Sphalout (znc0a),zineis(zn0).

I:Cushung Pucaben 1) Distillahion

2.Conc emtration(FHoth Floatatien) 2) Electr
ovujinung
above Zho
Zn0
3 Roastng: 2nSt02 aSo°c (ZnSoyt HzS0u
ZnSt02 balota ZnSOy
&So°C

-Zn0+C Zn+Co dpellen impwe owm o Zn

Caxbon Reductien/4melbimg
2notC- Zn +CO2 volatleimpurtis aeCaHS
axa
Fe8C
To bung eac @rtwaxod pelte Nen-Volatilefmpuwutiüs
us uAod.
inco ae yeld encess coke powder
CaCO3
A
Ca0 +CO2 s.p
Si0+Ca0- CaSi03 (slag)
 (10 M ETALLURory (10)
Cxtractiono Sn (SnO2) Snoz Casueutn
Owhum9
2 Concentiation gHavity aeporation yallowed by mognatio sperdio
3 Roasting S+02 So2 T
As+O2 As,O31 usoywaturouble
Sb+ O2 Sb031 FeSoy

CuS+02 u soy SnO2 Tnsoluble.

FeS+O2 Fe Sou
Laachung8- not chemical leachang

FoCdissolveelduisolued unLsSno2(vasidua)
esoyh war tltewdlusoy-feSoy(Falbrat)
CuSoy
Caxbon Raduchien (Smolhing)8- Sno2 SnO tCo ( ul)hun
SnO +CO Sn+ C02
PusicahenT? oung SiO2 is present Ca Cog s addsd as flu.
Liguahon CaCO3 Cab CO2
Elucbnorlinung CaSiog log).
Sj02+Ca0
Soy Ha Sou
Sn buli
albanl

Enbiartiem Qf aiver and brold

C7shmg amd (nundumg wn o 4old ao entracdea by
entiactod by cyanido proces/
"}Lachun PHOCOs
Lhgg
:Sihver
AMc-
auu
Athuu FartstpHo s
HOnido pHoce.
o
Roaction Tnuoluepl. a) Ag2S +4NoCN 2na[Pgcn)a] +ngS H0 Naz Soy+ 6
ba ised io make eac wwmeuesible
2 Aa0H
umove
which and Nog Soy + S.
Nag S
b)4Au +68NatN +02t 2H20 Na[AuCen)+4Na0H
in)PydrometalluwrgyRoduetion
2Nal9gtcn),i+2n
Zn
n, +
(CA)u] Ag
42Au
2Na(huCC%]+ [zn,CCA)iJ
iv)Reunung PHocs
)Eluctro Retunung

2)Amalgamation
3) Cupellation.
 ME TALLURGY (11)
rtnactionoCopp Mtan OuCoPPit (cuFes)
1) Cuhumg 8 (xumdumg
2)Concembiaien B frothloataben
3) Roasbmg uFes2tO2 uzSSDT + Feo (partial
too4bng
4 Reducien X
bmaltimg flua(Aioa)tCoko (ful)
Mate sa mint
u298?)
amd Fes(27))
Roaad @ moktung Matte (Cuz S+FeS)
(blostwnamco)
D

slag(FeSi0a)

(5)8usemuizatien).
heS+o2 Feo AA, AlLca
aMat Feo +Si02 Fesioz
(8ase) (Aud) Matte B6SS 6MERI2AT1ON) Bluister

Gu 2S+ 02 u20+ So T
CUS O2 Cuz0 Blag (FeSio3)

Dwung log owm, geem amo ispM octucod duo to Fe0 Pormatiom whuch
us
Hot
M name appe
ay au
Cuto amd sol JooluenAtanb,
last A Cu,s +Cu20 u +So,T
a (S02 COs
ustCusoy Cu+ So,T t0.s.P
8N
6)Raunung oppe
(beite
CoPPY
acidue Maum

a) Poling
b) Elucbioulhc oumunmg

Erbractisnof Lead(Moun :raluma(Pbs))

1Coushumg amd bindn q
2 Concambr&hon froth Hoatatien
3 Roastmg ptocu
PbS +0 2 Pbo +SO2T
Pbs +02 PbSoy

4. Reduchon
Condihisn I.Fa high grado oa aa uduotion Condtien I. Fon Low bua do
+ Pb
Oru Caxbon Red"

Pbo+C CO
PbS+Pbo Pb+So2T Pb+
ume u addod bicaussSi02 us pHosent
Pbo +CO CO2
becaussSiO phOsont
CoSiOs usaddod
Cao SiO2 ,Ca0+ Sio2 CaSiO3 (ag)
(Stua)(Inpwiy) (Slag
(fux) (Impwuy)
* wMETALLURGY12)
ume uma us de prwent aumatien o PbSi03 becaus PbSi03 fowmeol

g:S-P
PbSi03+Co0 CoSi03 +Pbo
5 RolimigRHocs
stap
Pb hand and buittl due de posamce o umpuvutis ike@g,Sn, As, Sb)
Tr puwa

Hot blast o a us passed ouey tha maltem Ph the mpuwibos of rnatal etcop)Ag au oxidu2ed
do hauy Oudine powm which fowm sCum on tho dwtas o
Pb ths pHo s us caed
u Honoved tho kimmumg pHoCos.
as
teung pHos Whil ACum by

Pb bcoma bolt callod as Com moal dond angemtvrous laad.

Atep 2)
than
veizatono leadBy
(Oaul paxk's pHo cA(whan 7 o Pb us highey PA

X-daye (Pb A)
(Pb-Ag)+ 2n(17) Coo
7-Jo ADauk pHo(0s s

h
X Solid[zn-Ag] Allo abls w hun 7)
doyen= (PpRic
Y-Jaye= MOLlen Lead [Fuwshan pwupisd by butl'saleobroyais) Pb s highaH Hhanh
H aso callad
For La De-Ailvei2ationMolhd)

igualion 9SP
Zn +Ha (Aoy)
Pb aptration o
Pb rem
ZnT
Disillahonzn-Hg
AgImpuwil Pb)

Cupollatern applicablh
whon 7o
7Ag higho than Pb Pbo Aa

6lucboysis
Anode
T Catho de
Smal amo urd o ulatim us
albo addod un thus prouss do
(Tmpu Pb
aaust dambity Oelobroytsbo, .
en cathode bscomos
P6+2ePbSi+HSig]. Lead obtauned
(Anodo-Pb Smooth amd wnyaxm
Cadhodo&-Pb+2ePb
 xtachen oAluminiwm Maun Oa:Baunuta (Ai203-220)

Cewhimg
Concambaton Léachimg

Rd Baunido (Bayers 8 HallspHocess)

ARao impurdy Fe20s Muma , Tmpuwriy Sia 702
u)hcto 8aunite(upek'sPxowss)
May @ impuwity &siOg ,Mum@y împuvdy R0a
-7102,Fe03
TI02,
8aye'sfoCs Rd Bauait
Os2%0
Al2O3
digested
Al2 +H20 ((calanation
wh
O3

uo
o chemical
NoOH

Si02+Na0H Noz Si03 (&oluble)

G-S.P
(acid) tbasu)
But st unsoubl un Na0H
Rodi cdhe o Fe03 8
Fe2Q3+ Noa0H X
bass
amp
upon
hotexic natuw
E
Tioa mown
mud.
as
ud

uo2 b0H X
FoR MATION OF Al0s8
i)cliluhon with
i)
dargs amout Hz0 A (04)2
D
Acidiahien b pasimg Co2
(Amphotexe)

Pudiicatien
amd ciluhon

rataka to educe tha basuc

SP Va0H

Hal'sPaouss
A203 (Fusad with)N02
No Dauhad
CO3

with) Ha0
NoAO2+ H20+CO2T u
AJ02 Na[Al(oH)J
Fe203 +No,C03 2 Na feoz (insotubde)+CD2

TuO2+Na,C0 3
Si02 +No2 Co3
X
Na2 Si03
Na A(o) +C02(encs)+H20 A (0H)3 Na,cog (encossaf Co2 us HAguHed

A (OH)s DAl03+H20
(whia)
mahon oNo2 CO3)

-SP

u
 Mutaltut
Qpeck's Pxoes

203+C+
(impwa)

siog +C
ARN
800C
+NoOH
Na (dnu)

i1800C AN

+C0
No/AvloH),+UH
+CoT

T(Vapourizesat
this
temperadea)
Fan A:Nimid
emdamey Carbicl
formakon

fomhton endamay.
SP
N
AOH) diludeolh huge
i)acidilieahonby
amount o
pasuing Co2
oaun A/oH)a oG ADs+H20
pa)
Aas

HollHroltProcess (EloctouhieReduchon)

Nog AlF NaF + A F3

NaF Nat +F
Al F3 ALtS+3F
Cathodo AR* +3e" Al
Anods F a+e
F Al0s A fa +0o

Ancdu C+0 Co/c02

* fumction o Caxbon Laye
PHavemt cdasion paphila
oods
i)Doesn't allow to esxape haat

*faxmaion Ehobolyte
Hho
i)To dacease molting point

i)Mafntaun the onduetiuityions

Paicaho00
Hoopls PHOCRSS

BaF2 w uaed umutead of Ca f2 to maintain dueenc

um domsuzes

*Those Nayas au umumiscible um each otho

Elactrouut:-
Lcofho)
A (a, AFq, Bafa) A
*99 98 7 pue obtaimad
Sodiu
((Fluorico
ancl Al) Cu7AP
(Impuxb A allo
Anoda) Coading
 Mulalluwgy152
Macthon o Magnaaum (Sea-Dow's PMOcON)
aa tOnto (Dow's
from
PMocus)
aa
alo contauns 0-13. magnwium as chdaido and sulphala Tt unuolues atoing
yopitahgn of mapnaAum o mugnos ium hycbvenide by alakod imo
Mg+Ca lo)2 Mgloh)a Cato2 +
b)PMeparatien of hoto
hydati magnisum chu d
Mg (oH)2 +2H0(ag) MgCozt 2H20
ho vydtal
Tho oluion on conconivation and ouystalli
zahon gwes MaC2 6H,0.

chlanids doy cot

.
C Faporaluen of amhycbo ud magneaaun

MaCo2 6H20 +y Ha (g) MgCl,t6H Mg-6440

* fumchion Dy HC do provemt bydtolyas o Mgda

Mgl:6420-2H0Mgo
* faxmathon of amhydrous Ma2 u necassavy, bacauss
MgC6HOH Cathods 7 Ht?Mgt2
Mg12/ H+
CAOH
Eoucbolyab a Fwod Anhycbrous Mgl2
The molten mi xhww s leobr olysed .
Magnowum liberalod at ho cahodo (won coll)
md chfnim s euolu ed
at graphih Amode 02 (goo) anock
Anocle
qraphití
MgC Mg 0 Col gas Coal gas

(Co,CHy,coH)

U
A cathoda Mg2 +2e Mg(997 pua) (toCH,
Co Ha)
AH anods 20-02 t2e- ot Canbon Laye
with
(T0Owoid venchon 02,) (Ca Na Mg
Coa4u pauad g s.P C aC+ CaCez/Porcelaun
KZIZTZTZTZTTTZT Huad

(OthayMalhod)

1 Pidgson PMotoss8 Concendnatod a us calonatad ad

higho tempexaluo
Calog Mgcoa
posu
Ca0 Mgo +2002 ,then ou ducrd by hexmo sili
con
at

1213 K umdsi vuducnd 2 Ca0 Mo Fe-Sloar 2 Mg + Fe CoSioy

2 tom Conalilh3-
Thu oa is dohycbvalad um
a cuvoond of hydhoJom chlavde and tho
mistu

high temperalture af
3 Frorm Mognosila-Conconuatod Oo us cadeinated
al ed uong yMao CO2
Hodod Loith Coka b
and
MgCog

Mgo +C4C0 Mg2

tCO (un 0 cw0@nt
+ Clothay Rh dko Si,ntcon be uaed) Healad
of dby chleune gas)
Mg tCO
fuwd Eloctolyad-
Mao Abiong
 Molalung162
Haction o Sodum (Na)
2g0s
NaC
AtCathod
At Anodt
Nat +
C-
Nat Na
aphuto Anade
,
C2+e
Porcelaum Hood Aapexatus amode amd
Cathode.
Foatung odum us taken un Kowosene. KHoseme

KCo omd CaC2 a addsd de dowe moltung poit

IHon cahodg
A
RPT NalR +KC CaQ2
Ca (Down al9 Pxocos)
Na
(600ingham OiagHam

Gtaph shong dhe tempeHatuwa dapendumco of th atability o Compounds. Thuy amalyss s

uuallyd ta ewaluate tho eas o ode ol lmutaloidobsamd Aupdos
2 (onaph b/u
bofamd T
3.Tha ene chamges as aWows a akhafght m umlss the matal malt a vopowwze
4 Postwelop axa posbl fo mutal but 4b nen-matal utmay b pastve,ugatweo1
ne
Jtya ghd
20
(AtabilityT, ) Stahlr
* Loast
OridoLowertowraph
tabb - Uppu most paxt aph

5.Melals can duco 0xid oothon matal whuch Cam u aboue ut um EUngham Diag amm.
indwa wt
6-
Qowmes un buw sops.ume ats uduong nalue dow ex motal uppen

metal ozide un 6iingham Dagnam

AANA
TBalo A010, Gido aro tabla.
above AH 0, idos 00 wmstablg amd unte metal and diogen
docompass

Ms)02 Mo (TSTH)
Ma)02 Mo (T <T<Ta)
Lq Ma)02 Mo(TYT2)
Soud

2
(MP) (8P)
 Yo
most stobl
9 donst atoblo o20 V02

93Rec"oVo 0,XY
X0 94Rad Do2-XY
+02 X028Y
Y02 9 Racd

+O2 Rad" 4028X (non)

A

Co CO
CO2

&anaction c Tten
1Cushun
2 Concunb ation (GrauitySeperation fallowed by orauitydprahion)
3-Roasting/Calcination(no
ipuuleshAibo h
Fe203 haue umpuiies o Feco3, Fe03 3H20 Fe3Oy amd SiO2

feCOg- Fe0+Co2
EuteOst0a X
Impyut Fe,og+3H,0
fe2Og 3 Ha0 Fe&i03
Feo+Sio2 (
Feo+ (wedoo'tuxent)
+3 Fe,03
Feg0y

Fe0+ O2 Fea03
Caxboo dudtipn o
Cormbuation
Zonu+02 CO2 T (1o-800'c), Co

(T10) C02 +C CO
Below
belten eduing agent
bltla
Zoa Above,ut,c
Raduchon
T250'CTK500c) Fe203 +Co Fe+CogT UWducmg agentt.

3
stpuiseReduction Fe 0g +CO FegOy+ CoT Jon obtauned em (s
Fe g0y +C0 Feo+Cog T vuduetion zont us

Feo +Co Fe +C02T Spongy nOn

ingZcna Mora lALA
Cacog
Caco3 ca0 +CO2 (Only place whvu downoands)
T7710°c)
Ca0+Si02 Ca Si03 taka placi
iastiontak
blastuwramea
MnD+C- Mn +C02

Si02 +C Si Co2 UHon obtaimid Mom bast

P20s+C Pa+ Co2 SHuwnance Pig won' dus
io high amount d
SO2 +C S+O2
(smallamount (pantinl)
layp olagpuent (CO us pxinepls
(Hoastng also takos
placa
(Haoidationo pig iron bldst (duinggent
wrth hot bldst ai.)
un uwnanc.

7R Cast Txon8-

(8CaatUHon hawing umpuuty ographuta

Cabt THoh

3
dypes

Cabt Don
1ahih cast uHon

o wen:
2 imprihos
to
a hawing

S7.(extemoly
umpuwuty

haud and
ofcemumtite (Fe3C)

butte,)
ntodb

staal 0S to27
uroug ht I10n o 57.
wnought Hon, o uHen ust am owHon, mallaahle won, commoucia0 wHon.

Puoilieation
w
Puddlumg Procoys:

Puddling-Reuexbrataumame us ued having- 1nn o ham atib (Fe0a).

Fe,0g a.cty ab an
Mn + Fe203
Mn0+i02 MaSi
Mn0 duzumg gent.
+Fe

O3 (ag)
b
S+Fez03 So2TFe NEN

Pa0s Fe
P+FeOs
Ph05 + Fe,0g Fe Fe POy

C+Fe03 Cot+ Fe
 stckManuyaotunUng

Mn+Oa Mno

MnO+di0 MnSi@alslag)

+o Co Tla ai
S+O2 So2 1
Py0 Paos

Pa0s+ Cod C3 (PO)2 |(Thomas álag)

DMawbaeks
wnon w oxiclusedlwhich Causas hug! Woss
)16-1S ut
do hom
aiy, wlon nibudo wheh make
) uMon eact oithnibrogen pusomt um
Aom

2ORemHavth Avocass
n
(PModucr
co+ N.
ga ap Sia hon M
impux

9a8
Inthus pHoCuss,S7. wnen olso 0ziclued.*N uch Fughe as imuy

layeof
CqCOg.Mg Co3

tulAA
3-0 PoroC
A (CastwronPe203+SeMap won)
whem Py much

highex
as
impu

Ths pMa cO% LnthiapHocas,

b Re O s used wmstead.
Now adays,ateel us manufapluad
au."Huabng ect
us produed by olecbucity
us also oxidued
.In thispHo ceds 0.S wwon

Hematite acts as 0idiaumg egemt.

ulHought IronSpiegalum Jtae
adtoy (Si,C,
Mn)

THoatmemt of dtral
Annaaluig Heating o ler
pto bight vwdmdss, thom coolng laloly dtoa softamd &loalie

Guamchung
*
Habmg o Sbel upto brighdrdmass, han coolumy suddonly.Ateel-
Havd . amd Bxitl

TemptungPHpCess haalimg oquonchod stul,

hen cooumg slowy.steal bxttlenessdsagpean
and handmess e maun Som
PuocA oith
Caba Hoxdming
0
peduuing haxad-Coalng wron caxbidle by. hoatimg
chanoal (Feac)
with
Nibuda g fHocoA of podueng baxd-coatumg of on-nubuclp by he atmq
(Fen) ammona.