FusRr ed ing 5

1) n Meaoxie .

.Toxic hnaus accs oxyqn ptake-bsorbed

sed bloosd cells
DA un in wth hemaein

emaalobin
coloxghemogbin
not hearsposted to cellb heath
SousceS Athropgenic (man-mode)
Xuees?imte
) ncompleteconbuntoot Boss| mited
Supplyot osygn
2)orent e when
\ncomplete conbtin (oxielaton) Poa teiearh
hawewot
theueis u enyh oxyn een in in osdos
ordes B Hesearh:
do be conplete

2c
hoe potn (eew pastcle)s ban
heovy roR e (caasl
. co
concentsation
i kghe duagito hhaus
rehusn oom
(heay tałłi) wtenpoopleyo to Nredrn ton
(o6:00- D8:00 16:001700)
vels o o n e tnohexe
dkope iy e nigt
omveateAs G contiol enhawt emissia)
cohalytie
o Hotqees(Prom egielmIxed w axlpe orer
Pdatinn or rdiun baxd catalyst
orn
ot catay
Caak atalyts. They coneat co Ao c0n.
)0xdation
ieanbin
fi
w)Three -uay Catalyst Convenhonal ewgines
a) c) vedtion o ntogem oxiden
)Cty 20 to ntrogn g
cabow
ex
catalys
mediu
Tem 2c02 + Nz
2uot 2N
cty car
Yhe
2) Nitcogen Oxi des > The Ten
14 enge
Temp in he engine yey
bord
mah.Bun lead, to the dreak
Dreakng ot bond
Oz l),whch
ntrogen as
qos,N(g) d Oxgenas, l).whch
reir oonh thet
ntrog yo,
4exs m theatmoshere,Snie hir bony thet
N, not vexy eactie,
make
make
Jnstable,n thecae
act wihcach'other
ove bokun, thy are able o
Keatng rogn oxides,
henp
N ceacto betweh N O n (oom tenp or covalent
S1nce the N tiple
wo durately Rag h tenp
bondh a
s\ co 2NOcy)
Olg)
Nrogen
MonoXie; NOn,mest toxic coues wiatation o*eyes
ratato o eyy
)Ncogun
Q)Nt(ogm Drex ioe: (epoaory groblens .

to ocuce
20, seactsuth yaoaxbuy touodue
CANO,) whith
3Wnit6ofen oKide N Acid
tocheimicoe Srog ,it asofowmsNikie Acid (ANO) w
conisute, to d shn
 3) Sacwixiode ) So sul tooxde
) So2 sulhr dionde(dangerow)
SO o HasCuyoroen (lound
Roduceal oy oxidaou
In tuel)
2H2Syr 302425o,)-2420 el

Sources? Natwra )volcanoer

)volcanoer
2) rottig vegetae
Sulhus-
contaim y dossluee
Anhropogenic.
2) urnim coal
S
) melthng plan
a) Sulhunc aud plawt
betweenSO O then
Suluic Trioxi de 3 eeacton
Soa Keach aith water to form Sulfuic
o Korm Sul c aclol
aciol

acid tam
2S0

Acid an;
t Heo
cowsdb Sulu md
(er cati
oxioeniyen oxidey
Sultoxies (ercatiy
aini Slfuric acid)
Cucele nitik acio)

Ntcic Acid
2No +9Ha0 nitow nitic
fi
$6: Acid Basen
pt Scale ol-\4 Qidic
neut a
Ybatey
6-14 Yoasic lalkaline

Litmws lnicalor:
Acids Red
Alkeli: Ble
o4 I- 33 S\congAcil
4- 6 Weak Acid
neutia
PIA 8- \0 wea alkali
PH 3 cong alkeli
HCI
Most Conmon Acid: )Hyarochloric
Acid
2)SulfuricAid H Sou
3) tric Acidl
heycontanHionsneutrel
Acud * Base Salt t Water
Neudralizatign seachiou

Bese Subtance whih con ncut rallte ecidy

Base
) MełalOnides oppex Oxie
2)Metal Hykonides cg Sodium Huyuroxi de huoH
carbonate cacos
3) Melal Ceson ate ea (alcwm carower

Alkai:
e aa bcR \n an aytes Solwtion loSSolved nwber
Sclutle netal hwrox ides
oMost metal carbonates & al netal oxides are
Oxides ure
tnsolwb
le (anwe ttat Selt)
Comm ba
• Sodium ydroxi d Naolt (Akalk lay o1m)
otassSiwm Oxi de

. Calciwm Carbo ate

ca ls
Potassium koit
Hyeroide

) 1 it has o Coxy nlgOxide

Naming bas
l|it las
31\4t ay co,
ox ide ( endsn)
endn cobonate
Neutheaton eeaction Acid seachs wth yee to psodace
a netsal solution ot a Salt &ater
he Keactho
Sats:)eutsal l6niccompoundsđosmed&on h ieacto
6 anaud d bae
)Salts areformeddwhen H 10 om an acid are dinplacel
by a metalion tor Qxicdey& ayoroxi oles
Nea lizatio Genexal equaha for xidey & yolroxiode

but not or atboaes

ane-
Bane Selt + Water
Acia
 Titsalion: Ssocers yneasuxn dhe exalt volun er ot Qcid
amd alkal needed to (eact together
-t>bueHe vecessy Equipment
i SureHe
dempetor an
2l gurette
Oant 3) Pipete
4) i peHeFllex
s) ConicalPeyk
61 lndicator
concal task
knownconcentratiangoe wtohebek
Methodea ) Ha o
2) NabH n conicalAask & 2- oops ot
1ndicator phenolphthalew (we plpee \
3A hebweHeadddiops He
to coical ask
acdor alkalis
Eud polnt, pornta which e aador allkali
neutalised C (hdicator dhonges colou)

Acid 0 Metal Cononates (neutialzatia)

→Salt Cotyt
Acid t Metalarbonate

neutsallte each odher

whn aldy metal casna es neutelize eac odher
whn is releage
Sas
Gas Co, (in a cloel

Gonical lask)
b addighmewal
er
fl
aming Sal}s
he
o he name he saltcomesSios the
)The Rir
Pisl name ot he bane Calkali)
)The
Tle acidqwen
acid gwere as pau o heome otthesa t he
Acid Neme o Sal}
(hloride Sos
Hydrolo
Sulhesie Suldate
Ntsc Ntsate
wed when oxtg not ieseut ndomula
-de
-ate uye when oxygen n Rcesentn kormla
AcidtAlkali tCI
NaH → NaCl + Hz0
ERomle, Sodiwn Sodwen
Hyctsochlor ic
ydroxi chlosie

KoH potassium
potassi wm
nitoic nitsate
acia ayhoie
Na Su
) Aa504 aoH Sod iwm
Sodiw
suic
aiid gdride Gehate
Acidt Metal Oxide H Q ↑ Na, O ->
Na e
Nae
Ho
Ho

KNDY + HO
. Hvo t koH
Na,Soy t Hz0
Na
Naz
Non-
Melal
Onoiens0i, , o
=> Non -Metal Onijes: covalent bondg
Non-mehabxoe.aceck
cOKdan
wh basenlakalisnetealsahod

nol seac\ utacids os baes

Neutialiee)"
=) Anghoter
Amgh
Ox den Qeact wilh acid bae to
giodue Salls

Alumnim .e :
Ag0s actig ase: Nad\o, W,o
NaH
A\05 cigs aiio: A\EO
A
Kormei uhen bae solve n wal e.
A\haly? Soltig to Pon Saltwaler
A KaliS ne wrah se iles
moslkais oe gogo jicy2meal lyoe ht
\n wa ter (oH)
• A kalis gsodue oH 1m ahen as lved n walr
ohcay) qwe okalis dhur akalie psoguthey
alkaliS. ony hen
oiiSSolu
cd n war
. A, kalis hawe
hen alkals react wih aci lneutrusha) JheOHvo
form
Comln wi th
t
• Alkols bonduet electsicity ,due to theRaee ot
 Comarin Sa contain|Reactwl aid to qe
oH- wate T Sat
) Metel eKeKid 02- wate Sal
)etal Oxides Nalen Sall Co
3)Metal larboeten

. Metal oxide t Acid - Salt+He co

Salt + 0e)
Melalyororicde+Acd - Sst 0ce)
Metal Carbanatetdcid → Salt
Salt + HDu)+
Hle) t co lo)

Ao
get a Sat om neutca lizti seaChon
txeriment
How
wal es to bcakK
heaker
)A d acid to
3) A dd \oase to beake
a) H ead beakes to peed up he reaction
ucated eu apocaimg
s) Sal} Setdign mixture o sal\ruater
G) lace
duyh
Vat evapoatig dh abovebeat
7)
3) Sa4 extsoacte

Orides: Conow oneelementb oKyenon ly

Acidic Oxides. Oxides that ouse A watex to make

aid soltio (eg o)
haie Oxidesa Oxides yhet ule n wader o make
akeline oluttos
Metel Oxids; Na , k
HetalOxides. louic Bonding
=) Metal Oxides: Dasic Oxiee
=> Metal oxiduy. geact with acid lneutsa lisati)
 Stsong A\kali
low when cunovel In wea tes
ompletey sit cp in
wates
N toH
Weak Ikalis ? slhghtl split upnto ions whenoissolved
Conc eutation o otios
(Weak
n wa e →a \aw
wtes

Stona Acids : dusole n water

when
• omgletey splitup in
conLetsatou e
ahagh
(nto ibw whemousveo y
eak Acids: sgd ly splhtup ino
a law concentatan ot
ware

ChyCoot
Sae
Ac ids
bydsochloric Sodiwn iyoo de
Naot
nitic potayyiun luyaxde
lyeride
steong
suluic aloH)L barwm

3 mmonin
ehengic
ehalamne
weak cassoniG

phosphoriC
1) Electscae covelucttA: Stsomg Acids Saye Show engher
edectcal conduAivihy han wweak
acids bass (due tomoceH*&oH

2) eacgn Rate shong Acios & Baenh higherrate o eacton

(han weak acids boases ( ohe tomoic bA
Deg peyent when stog acids& baes etddve)

Acidh Ht (psotoy
onis (psetom Ad gwen H Ao bane

Bares 6ecepto >

(ndiator >
colourle» pink Irec
phenolohthale coloule blue
yllow goeen
Bronothymolle blue
red
Red litmus ed blue oletleusple
niversal tndiatot Ret
ellow

at
 →leactn hapen gnly when substancey ae iMcontact,
(becawx
(becawwe
the pasticlen Hhe reactadsmeedocollhde)
when pautices hare enh cng
Leactoun haen only
nry neecedto steta
Actwation Encx? The mm
( eaction
ū» dteent fos cach
→ Tee Oumot otacivsthan enRy à duteret os cach
teaction
-→ Eveay rrahom has acvatton energy
Ratcles Fome
ReactautGasticeCollide -- fsoduct lasticlesFomed
Rare
aSuceSul reactiow bedes
ollisio
osdur towe alo ned to harc ežectwe colliSioy
\n
actvaton enes

Collision heoIy (sos)

• Sasti les oxe constanth ta
moig
ccu, the reactaut aaticles
a chemi cal seecton
tot
be eetie hepaaticles mus he thi
mushvethi
wwstcolli de irs
Fos the collision to be eective he paticle

Ygt omount Qumt ot energ ceqred horan eeche

oThe mi mwn se acvatlon enry
Collısion
tartor Alccliny Padeo eeaction
Raaticen Sane Space -mose
C
) oncentsaton o Moe
ollisio
More cli Sio noe eectwe collhsiow
. Doble oncentíatin
sle numbuotcollsio
4Rate stReatio
lheat eneyd
2)Tempeiate : asticles dn heat to kinetic
cner to kinetc
energ
osticle get hotter mave aste
when pasticesmare ater hecolllde m xe e
collislow)
moie eechve
Moe collsow
teatt klneticE.- collisio succES>alcolliso
→ Rate o Keactlon
actaton erneyy neededtor seactou
3) latalyt
Teey k alternate soudeoseactia totoeoe place
etcdvecolli
moie al sios
. Len actvatan eresgy → asteate
atu Kateotecction
ot eacti
More ekectve collsto

schant
acthvatn
|energ lo
Rseduet

O activaion cnenyyocatalys)
to Broumd
(exthermic) al
catlg ceent - eate o ecacton
 a)Sstale Hiea Particle Size
•Smallex particles \ncree Rate o Yecactoa
Larges Sutace Asea lncrca eate o Reaction
Larg
elow more olliston
to tae place ot Suntace
meams aqes surtaeayeo Rateo
maler guticles 2cactan

S) s we o Gaeo Kcactaut
more seat a paticler present fora
o ncKeane Pesse
yuen volwm e. oie eecve colls io )nreae
More paicles goesent -
Yate o seachon

1 ressure
|1 -s gate c Reactn

kate Reaction
.Measoi
he sate at which eactausee wsed
) Mearim
2) Measrimy which Pioduts ore oromed
he rate t whichpoductsare
Measwg
.Mou Con do
) Man ot swhshane - sel, lhqd,ul as
)2) volwne ot ya

Rate ot eeactan= Amou otRcadtantsed

t me tak em
of
Rate t Reactin= A mot tPsoduct
Fofmed
tune akn
2 miwt es
sa 24em ot He gas formed n 2
Bateof 2eacth> 24 12
 oenthn,hghgíesure
volyne
poduct
uss,brawPrerre

time
•EKec) Tempesolwre
. EXet fSusface
a

to}e Maghtemp
snfaleae
totall
giodu
s Smallsurtace
area low
temperahskae

time time

E8ech of Catalyt catalysed

Tealh

inhal <hoataly
Rate
eeachon

Swbstrate
Concentsoton

leacton Catadyse
laalw adom
Iron
maki
niteym Hegarogm
makingtsie arid rom
Qm oni

Vanddn( aking suluiracid

 Ii trynermic Reactioy' nxeectig Khat once

laren tney releae enert) to \hix Sunrowndings

bcaue when e (eactian happem, bonds
This
btween raticl bcak , celea g tnersa c ot thin
i wn tocreatehegioduts theseaction.
rekeared Brom she oi cakmg
whemti eneyo
bond is lors hen tte ereyy requre ho
1S
Yeaciant -
she poocuts the scoction
Borm
|emprature ncoas ln
GaothesmicReactlan (eactens iS
lnexohesmicreoctios heeeaynt te seactan s
sode .
hantheene t eprodets
eate
tnesy Ativah

Ieac\ants
Rsoduct

tne
2) tndothmic Reactions3 dh Gth eneryy rom dheis
Reactim that when
once heu lapen
a Teaction
hapren, hapm, the bons thereactants
Reactio
Susrond Some the ena eqred
bseak, celeamg tnrgt Some Houerer, whe ot h bon
he ene
orm Be nds ot &hpoducs.
hndst e goo dc al noeng ,S
Soo
bokenibabsobed
shetehbi psodct:(Rear)
Sy e ener(Reai)
sin & &on eirsuouddings
,
n hese reactoniare enotnemic
os ds toormn all
thepiodwets he bovy. Theereo 2cactan
Tempeature Jereas Endohn ic
→lnHeets
emaohmicReacthan
Yhan the eneg ot he reactants
Neates
Rsodut

exothen ic
Time
 Atum Atom Moleule
ener
aosor boed
to cieate moleule

Actvaton Eneg is the minmum am ot energ

(egured to boek bons ok olec wles

Enc chane Symbolhted wth

AH Sos
o

• = brcakig bonds
• m= makingond erdo dhemic &eKothermic
ln seality all seactios have awe edo themic &Kothermic
parts.
• Ludote mic Pat when energyebsorbedls eqwd
ebso bed lseqrd
to break bonds
•Exhermic part whn nesgseleased.?

when he exohecmic
A Veaction wbveral exothermic
exohe wmic when the exothesmic
the endhemic paut
paut eate ham the emahene pat
 1Y,

tgroduh bons
tseacans bgoken madR

Exothesmic reactiom
AH<0 (negatie)
AH >O (posi tive)
. ln tndotermic Yeact\ony

ucoImole AH 30-46O
=-70 kStmole

wekohermic
Since AH -7o<0 he seacion
Enengo
S.b=ceakind ond
A.E M..
Maki
A.E= Achv ation enery
EXGT \łamic
6,5.

endohernic
Kind olutial
Rcactio
Aemperatre (be foeveachontookplace)
. Determ
1) we com pae (afte« the Keactian haydakcn plae)
Final tenua ture nal Teme
- we do\AT=ital Tenp-w Final
eKothemic
nitial I,- nai T. <C

- | \nitiakT. - Enall, >osendoohermic

ea lnitaT Fiaal - -s
20°c,Fiaali.
\ahak Fnal= 20-C-S)=2otS 2s c>0themic
enoo
fi
fi
 o The mst Erothimic 2eaction IS zhe
ne who eas the
tenperature Change valu
most negate
IuithalFlnal z -25°C
) ltae T=20°C FinalT. usC Inihad-Final -25c
2)
\nitial T< 20°C FinalT,- s5°C tnihalFinal=-35°C
e han -20C So e seond
-35°C moreexhermic an he Bist. (354-20)
cactign Smalle muer most exo hemic
wholy he
ymostudohemic empcature
ieacin alue
choeje vale
xgst gostve \iae- Finae23°C
al -3°c
)) aihal -26c pinal
) lniha =20C
Rrrst seaction
moct enalo dhmic
23>12 So the Birst seact
han heec
YheSomeluitial Ten aatre
Wewswayaluuy hove e Somelmtial Tenmpuatre
dngeatre chos
tnosder to direcily con pae Knguahrechange

Catay} kReacon more &as catag

0oni to bea
- Catalsellous 0ons to
nacataly
wthcaahy
brck
yt
7f

Endohenmic
tvohrmic
. Catalysts0o NOT a}Pect the overellemerychone
F. Cataly> 6emans
he Some
So with catalysts AH
fi