a) Revee Obmosis (RO)

Osmosis - Delinition
when. two soltions of dilßrent
Corcentrations ane seraratid bya bomi-nemiabe
nembrome, solvent (woten) fous from a region ot
loser concentation to highor concentrotion. is
Praces is colled Cumosis Jhe drisia fore sn in this
nhenomenon is callid osmotii neseie.
Revese csmesis -Definition
Bo a hyyorostaie yrsse jn esuss o6
Bsnetie resure is aynlied on the highr
conenttion side, the solentlo s nwsel
i-e, solvent flas fhom igher concentration to

y e aten js senaroted krom salt waten.his

css also knono s y - iltotien.
he nenlrones sed e cellulose acotate,
cellulose dutiote, ete.
Piston Salne ater
bvane
Salineusater
Hydiostate ymem Directio n_ot
reverse oSmosS
pressore
pemeable

Freshwater
Semi
D0rectionof
Os mo sJS
 2

Acvortayes :
he life time of the memlrane is high, ond
it can le erlocecl wittin fus minutes.
colloidal imyunitiu
ayerating, this yraces is sed fon coniting
sea atr into vdinking watin.
otir.

Sludge Scale
Sludge is a loase , slimy Scale is a barc,
md no-aAherent adherent cooting
neciritate
Jhe main sludge foving ee main seale fomig
sulstoncs e Mg Cos1 sulestans ae ca CHco)e
Mg Cl2 Mg soy nol Ca=lz Ca so4, M9 COH),
te,
Disaduavtoges : Sludges Diadaytagus : scals
ane yoon concuctos otact as themol
hat. Ecws ot sluoye nsulators st cdeoeass
Aormation ecreses
loiler. bny ck
boiler. deweloped on the scala,
leacs to karlosion.
 3

Sludge Scale
Prevention : Preventon :
DSludge fomotion conj Sale fonotion con
be rwenteol by swing be esented y
Sagtenec watin disolsing ssirg oids
lihe HcL, H2 So4
|DDSludges vcan also le
Ü Saole komotlon con
emOd y"ow done emod ly
oyeration." a)Extomol treatnmert
b) Bntirnol tuatinent
iD Beour-doun oation) Jhey can olso be
Jemouing a nortion of emoved by oylydng
<concentotid waton by
fresh utn freguntty hajers, ve brush,
rem the boiler dwing
stom yroduction.

) Sntenal conditioning (n)Sntemal Sreatmet

(on) Boiler comounds
9t jnwolves the emool vof scale Bomming
substone, Juhich swee nat oryltily nemoved
dn the stornal teatment, y adoling chemicals
drectly into the boiler shis vchemieals one
olso caled loiler corynounds .
Phasnhate corditioning
Scole fomotion voan be auoiled ly
odding sodun yhophate. at is wued in
 high swre oilers he ydorate, reacti with
Ca 2t and Hg 2+ soet to gve s oßt slugs oo
calcm ond magnesium yhashalis.
3 Caso4 + 2 Nag PO4 ’ Caz (PO) + 3Na So4
Genoally 3 syyes of bohates re semyloye.
w Jrisadiun nonoto - Naa POy LToo alkalire)
toa accllo watr
b) Disodium bydhogn lohate - Na HPoy
Ceaely alkoline) - sedl weally acidii
waten.
) Sadim dinydoq m hohate - Na lt 2Poy
Cocid ) - sd Ror alkoline unti
2 Colloiclal tonditioning
Scole fawation can be aoicded ly adoling
oollaidal conditionng gents like lrosene,
qelothnrte, t k sed n law
use loikrs, hese colloidol sulstanes get
coatid oue the sale loning yatiles and
cowt then to nm- adherent, lose
reinitate alld suldoe wtich can be renaed
eration.
3 Sodium valuninot conditioning
Sodim oluminte ( Na Alo) ndr goes
Aodoyjs un boilr watin do giue gelatinaws
hite yrecigitat o oluminium tydroide
and sodimtdride
Na AO t 2H2o ’ Al COH> t Na OtH
4 Kalgon conditioning
calgon is sadim haa meta yloplhate
Na CNay CPOs) 6J Jki substance iterocts with.
colcim ions foming a higlly sohulle Conylix
and ths yreents the yeciyitation oft salt
fomirg
2Caso, t Na [NaO)J’ Naz Lcaz CPos)
+ 2Na 2 SO 4
Extemal conditiong ly External truatment

yoducing salt fron the watin elore

facing rto the boiler he esctinal treatnent
san be done y two groes
: Son Exchonge Co) Deminoliation rocus
his yoDs nemoues valnost all the ons
Cbot anions and cation) yresent n hord
watin.
Ihe baßt watr,yoducd y eolite
recses daes vot vcotin handnss adcing
Ca2r ond My 2t ios, ut it contins other
jons ke Nat Kt, so aetey On athen land
D'M uotn dos not vontain oth emions avd
cotios
Resins :
|- Cation ercchonge sesin (o)) tation ezclang
Pesin containing
(- c004, -SOglt) re
ocide hunctioval goys
their Ht jon ith some voten cat
 hand uatin cation
sentid as RH2:

2* dnion Exchange usin (on) Qnian eclongn

Restns containing lon functenal gays
(-NH2 Ot) ane cayable vof exchongirg Thein
mios with othen sonions of lard utn
anion echamge vsn ds
|E : Ö oos-inked qatnay cmnonm salt.

R- NR,Ol4 R-OH R-NHeE RCOH)

Proces
Dhe bad watn tinst yosed ttraugh a
cathon veochcmge colnn wich alsods.ol
the cations like Ca2 M92, Na
Kt -ete
yent jn the ord oatin

R+ + Nacl ’Na t Hcl

JAe cation e atn ia then yasd tnoug
a vonlon eschonge colunn| ich

2'cOH2 t 2H cl -’ R'Cl2 t 2H20

re' Cot)2 t H20y
’R'SO t 2ta0
 7

Ras afer
Dil VooH

Acid for ARali for

tegeneraton regereyodin
Catton Anion
fxchanger erchorger

wash
wash De ionised Water

Jhe ton comig ut of the anion rakarg

M eomyletaly true from cation and anion
Dhis weati s knsn deminalind on)
deionised water
Rugennation
when the cotion eacbange is ahastid,
it con e vugmeratid ly yasing a salution
vof ol HCI Con) dil tsoy
R Ca t 2Hcl ’ RH2 tCaCe
RNa t tcl ’ RH t Waci

Agchawstd, t can de vegeneratd hy rassing

sobtion ot oil Wa oH.
R'cle + 2NaoH’ R'Cat 2 Nac.
dowatagss of Ýn - Mehage oces ovn Zeolite
ij ntr obtalned by tls yocs wile
de
bave y law thardne Cmearly 2 ppm.
D n addition to Cat yond Mg 2t, it vemoves
2
alnost all the os l Nat,kti so, CI
Disadwantags ot ion- Rnchonge yrocs
B wotir cortaining twbidlity, Fe and Mn
tavot e tatid bcawse triolitiy nuduces
the oeutut vand Fe, Mn fom stalke comyand
wit te jrestn
i Dhe qiment costey and morl eognsie
chemicols ane Neced .
2 Zeolite Co) Pmutit ros
Zeplitus ae matially ownng hydratid
badim valninoiliat - st genral jola
is Nan0. Al03 x Sio, .- yH20.. Cy=2 (0,
-
y = 2-6).

Jhese ae qrlen san vonol on- yoWs

re

it is enwaliy Jued
Used for
waten
Snthtii olite s naestdsottning
by NazZe
Se Aodium ions which e
Na Ze ae loosely held in
loud y Calt ond Mg 2t
ions
esnt n the watin.
PoRcs : when hord otn is nased trough
a bid of sodium yeolitt (a Ze), keyt in a
ylnds r it occhonges ita dodiun ions wuit
Ca 2t vomol Mg 2t ions esent n the hard
watr to fom calcium ond
olits. ghe aiaus eotions nnism
taking yloce
Ca CHCO)t NaZe -’ CaZe t 2 Na tco3
Mg CHCo,), + Na Ze Mg Ze + 2Na + Co,
CasOy t Na Ze > CaZe + NaSOy
Mgso + Nazze ’ H9 2e t NasO4

ard water
Har watay

Sodium zeolte

Soft Water
Cacl + NaZe -’ a Ze + 2-NaCl
Mg cl2+ NazZe ’ Ma Ze + 1NaU
She sasetoned otr is ernichd wth dorge
Cnant os sodium saltài hich -do hot
sase omy hondnes bu cant be sd in
boilers
Rageneratlon : eschausted.
Aycolite ts
dgtin some time sugnilid
Jhe eocAaustid yeolite is ogoln
Wa Ci.
by tuating with o7. solution of
Ca Ze t 2Nacl ’ Na,2et CaClz
Mg Ze t 2 Nacl Wa 2e t Hg9 Clz

b wotin vbtalnid by this ulll hae

oy ardness of I-2 þpm
U his ruthod is chean, because the
regnertid olite can de sed agoin:

6 Surbid watin cannot le thuatid, lcause it

boces the yo of the igolite led.
dcicii atn karnot de treotid, leca it
decomos the stcte of
alite .
D) desoftned waten conains wore
Aodwyn kolts like Na Hcog i Nag co,, diselwed
t. when
CO, ond
Naot s yrodced Jresnlting
n
oiln
canosiorn cnd cowsti ambittkement.
liv) wote cortoinng Fe, Mn canvet le treatid,
becase Jugnertion Js wy ey ditßicult.
v) Jhis ocs amnot e seol kor safting
Brochish watrt decae drckish watin
contain Wat ions. So the ion ,eachcnge
reotion wll not ocn.