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And parhal inermel refleehon occurs whirh deutted
by dotted hue hO.
CaseD
Wlhey eha (Hed avsle berone q0 od rekatted ray
Moves pava|lef o he tuptertare belwren hwe
gves
mediuus, dhf
IS Called iunihig CAR g rekacho.
Aed he agle tuadoure (in hy ) Caled Crihcal ang)e
augle
Wha the ncidasle is
to te OHane mediu us. T,
Hre lghb 1s rlerted beck
ntervl Reherdo
plaronena Glled Tetal hAut te
hkev, it laugt be
Ssa lhb te prepgate ng ephcs Cih/ auge.
Tadeste ot avrgle gheatr Hny
AccepBame augle
He axiuayuy the axiS at whrh
aale t
Shauld nkr 1 he hber avd t gek toe/
light iuyto hber.
tndertna) rhrhoy ie ipopgafrs
(A
Gyical Ha cladd
Qye
Core
())
Cddup
Arepkaunre laO
SuppstCn ophical er wtn can aud ceddvip a Int
èrles 1 hber wH ihudantt augle leg ran Cnh
auale hen 1will9e rebratted 1 c leddg.
But wha a lnght toy
eunts tye hber oikh hudea
uole eater Hrn Crihtanae if wil) Get ntn
nna rtkhan ud wil Laove in G core hber.
e 4her.
Ravge angles at wh (h ltbt e evkes y fhr
ard Mt ounly 1 Core
Calkd áteptane tolne
An 2:1 Given
Nusericad Aperhuve NA 0 20
rebrarhe ndi h =
ISg
Cloding
Cloding
efroChue udet g oatr ho 133
ne kuos Ha
NA ho Sin Ga where NA I hUwerica aperAuve
acrep-lante aryle
S020 1-33 Sin Og
or Su ea 020
1-33
or a Sn0.20
33
)
8.6
as de vatio
Ketachuw nde 4 mediuu dehned
uelocty ngt t a velochylght
t HmtMedsuy
So
2lagexio 1DO
2 01 X108 1000 20 XID
-S
Wle knaD o t
Criercel argle 9 Srn (2)
oF Stn 80 2
1-44 x16S
or
hStneo x l-4g xIS
: l46 X1
Noud
Numeric aper Ture (nn n)
NA
2
D263
Aso
AcepBavt anle Si 2
St 1-y6xI
i0
78.48
n
,h
h2
Abeur hauve sdhrtus he noideu Ight tay on he hber coreo
Soea au he wrMen as
ho Stin 6, : h, cos 2 Si Otese
h1-Sr0,) rCei-(1-S9el
h, (1 Sin
hoSin o
h,1h
h,n
(nn).
NVrio
Aperore A =
ho.Sth Oa
ako be repraeted in teral
NMenal Aprlure tan
thdrt dlfesenfe
relatiue rehach ve
indet diferente aud
n:h-h2 S
dterence.
A Callad rachum) imde
h
And A h-h2
h
or -A
As we kos n t
NA (hn)
).
(1h22 h
-(-a) A h La
h2.
---21.a)fx
1-1-+ 2A3 2x h
h, (24 -)2
:h, (24)2 ha lechr Aas A1 Uery l
AA h, J24
s te eno Nukia Aperluret en
trlhve retachve 1dur diterine,
Giweu
Areptanre ange ba 22
Relothue relhachw indt diHerene A 3%
0:0
We kvo Hha
NA Stn a where NA is Nob enc aprlue
Oc 1s alreptante ayle
Sun 22
0.7s
0-06
Agan
h2
h
or h2 (-4)*h
(1-0-03) x 1:S31
48S
We kvo H
C r i h c e l a n g l e e S i n h a
SnL8S )
S312
7S
rad
Ans 24
GiWey ohd
ydeg atteptoue ale 0-101
6S8 Lirod: S%23
Reletive 1ndet didferante A 0 - 9
%
0-009
le knoco that
NA , (2A)"
OT, h NA
2a)
whene haa rlhathue wden q
av
ho Sin O
(24)2
Ix STn 6 S8
2
(2x0-001)
0 8S7
lnghk 7 Ua Cuuy
Veledlylngh in core Veloci q
o 8S7
3.X10ms