Shatitial pthaik

SBahshea!
hjothes s a selencnt abot te þaomcler s
One 0 mate
populahons.
Nul and Alernatie
The ull jothess , denotcd b He, s he clain that s
inithially asned to be true, cmnd s ally densted by Ho.
Ihe altomahie hgutheni, densed Ha, ia e asertin
thot i's orbodicdarg to Ho.
fur exomle
The populahin has mean lo
Then,
Nu hpothesis Ho: u lo
-lI)

Ha ? u7 o - (2)

Ha : u Uo
The altenatir njotheis in ) s kngn as a tuouled
gnd () e3) o olrnab
knen a
Teahttaulcd and leH-taulesl
alemeti ryechwy.
 hyjothest's is ocplel. i'e, t th obewed est
Conyidene inteval then oe acept te
jfothesi's ond rejct the alltmahn potheai.

H cothial srcgin, ao knaon as t-e

a set Yolues tr th test stahshe for ohh te nul
1s

Cotical Valucs -
The contal vale ot a certuin Sipmtcanee lerl carn be
theht a a cut-od font. f at att stahihe
Side he cahial voalu hesulk in ocefting te nal
a tcst stahshi on the other sle will csult
in
 Jpe I Eor
Ho ohen it is true ii
nul!l bypheui
Nejchg the null
dtind as type -I enor.

fulig to he nul hythess cohen it is false

is deined
Aecistn fom Sampl
Tsue Corect
State Ho True Cyk I Eror)
Hofalse Corect
( Tue)

level ot Simfiane -
levl Y e-err.
a= Pltype-T err) PCkeject Hoohen Ho Is bue)
Conhdence Inkwa
A Conhdence inkrl, oalo knaon au the
acceptane Jlegon,
set 4 vales or the test stushe fur ahich #
 One-tuiled Test
A test
H any stathitical hypethesis uhere the alkmahre
UPothes Ia one tauled Crght-buled or left-tal-d) is alled
a enelee test.

fr exomple- Atest tor tsting th mean t a pobulahen

Ho: u- do agoinst the altemahk hyjotheus:

1s a ias 3ingle taled tst.

Tloo-tooled Test
A test d statshial hypthess where the atemahr hyothei
Is tuoailed uch as Ho u= lo fuinet t alenahe
H,: u+ lo (u>o and u<u) Is knun a tHo
touled tat. UpperCnhialValu

Rejechen Azc ptene

20

Teotuleel Test
Rejechen ket-Tacled Test
Riyht-Taile TetRejechon
Areetten Acdptane

70 Zoe
 at Commnly
both ttauled an g Sngle-tauled test,
Catel alke kevel of Sphiane Ce)
(a) 1o So loo
Two taled Test 2.S8
R_ht -ilel Tesk .33 |646
-talel Tet -.83

Snje Sampl :Test a Mean coh knn Vanonce -

AA randorn Sompk (0D secorded deaths in tte uniteel
Sak duoig th post eor shaed on
aurng pon
a ppulahin. sndad devishen
84 yeas, does this sen to
inccah that te mean
Sfan today a ator than to Jears ? Vse a
IS
O.0 Jeved

Soln
Nul
Allerrahia Hythe H: u> jeos
Test Sttshy

Snne caZa . Reiect Ho ond co lade that meon span thy

 a ne

jnhehi fshiy bine hat te clauins kas a mean

wth a sndard denahin o.sk.
Test the
ylothens that =t kilgoms sqint #h atrmatie
that
I kiloysorm d a gndorm Sare SD bines iisa Jested
ond found a meem
Use 0.01 level
sgnihon,
Nuh Hp»thesi H: 1=8
kilorams
Alemahin ypthes H: lt8 klogans.
Test stabt his

-2.83
the Ho Crd

onclude that the aerege breaig Shengh

deys thon
8 but s, in faet
cingle Sampi:: Test
lest n mean
mean wh Vsuane Uhkn&n
The blion lechn Sndhake as ha bublishe d yur
Mumbo t
Riloueitt hans exþended by Vouàu home afpianes
t is clauneel
hat a vaccum cleuney
4 46 kloat
hows pe year, 9f a expendls n ave
Tomes included in a planneed shudy handom Sonte
Clecn ers expend an indcae that vacum
Sundad clenihin deviotin o n.9
wh

Sgjut atat thethe o.os

0.05 Jel kilouet hous cloes te
Jeel 4
sintiane that vaeuum cleaners
average Jey than 46 Kilbwatt hes
mually ? Assume tte populain
Null Hyp thess H : kelaustt
b kilbuntt hos has to k hsymal.
AHemah Hypothegs H: u<H6 Kilbatt hos
Test sah'shes :

The tbulay yalu toy

Nok
9
he accepted at the kvel shne.
gine | taa)< toa;N, Then Ho is accepted and concalde that the
cwryc numkr
Cwoye ilauctt has expended anudly by tome
Vacçum cle
cleanc '; not slyhcon
Ore Soamjle Tests on te Vouance
caY butenes cains Hat the Ik hi
butenie IS thoninakly nÝmally olitibted oiA a stonlavd
devicthn equaequa to 0.9,yeos. 9a ranelom sample o 1 hese
batenes Rou a skndud dewòtiin e 1.2 yean , do thmk

that o s0.1 pors ? Use a O.or erl o sigmhanc

Nl Hyohes1t
Alenahie Hptho H,: >o1
Tesl skah sie : 2

(io-)(12)
(o.1) |6.914
Pruefionu
o.&1
I6.0
2

Since Xe =l6.0 < Kous,g l6.911). We Conc lude hat xo is

accept
not Signhkant at the o.US level. , e will
"yhs Ho.
Nok i
Null ttypothrys ),
Test stathihis : Cn-)S

AlknahiMypathas Rejechen Reyàn.

2
o<-Xa/Lyn
 mockine Is Jwedl to bottey coth
An austomate
A randonm Sample 20 bte csutt in 4
Sample voane l volume s 0. o153 Cud ues) J/ he
NCmane + 41l 11 vaump excecds 0.01 (fuid aunve on natuepabe
under
Pupshar bttea Aoill & filed or orrfled, Js Here endene in
Somple data to suggut tat te marufachuser fas a
loh ndrled botle be d=0.05 and asume that fll
þoblem
valume
Sin Null Hyethas Ho: o 0. o
Akmahir Htsthess H,: s>0.9
Test stahshc
Cn-)s Ricch

29,01

Conclin : Sine X; = 29.04 < o. os,19 30./1, we Concude

Hat
shory evtdene #at tt Vance
no

ll volum exteeds 0.01 (flul ounces)- so, ttere s

Sheg evdenc
 )

Ch Somplk : Test on a
Test 4 hyihes, Conerming poyjoshng ar
Orea.Th
Ohat traehèn 4 the Voten l) Ceruny in hrstel in knaoig
H) manufochig tims ore favor nin tte next clehon
Conemed
defchie itons cohen a Shýment is abeut th pnpatrn
made.
A buldex clains tat
heat umps ave instalel in 0f
al homes beihy Gnstuched hday in te cy Richmnd
Virynia. Wuld yeu ogce wih thi; elavinif a Jandon
Suvey t neo homes h He ety sheus that & t
1s fad heat þumps nstalle 4? (ke a blo lexd symhin
Nul ypthesi Ho: pr 0.9
Altenahie Hypthess H: Pto4
Test stchhi !
VPn
+O-s3-0.7

Vo2)r

Sine koal< Ko Cl-9). We do not feet Ho. Comcluk that here

Issupuen
not
t Jean to dadt tte byldhs clain
 tensin
Commnly prscnked ohug fan sreleii nevas

Ia beb'endl to be ony Got, ectie. Expenimentel 9egults

Coith a new oug
aclults coho e acminatred to a randon sam
Tccerrd riet. Stenhg sorn nevas tensin shew hat
9s ths
ne Steient evdere to Conelude tha
daug level
Use a o-0s
to he ne
Commony prscnbed 2?
4 sigmihi uee.
Nul Mgpshea i Ho: p=0-6
AlHenahi hjpotheai H: p>o&
Tes stabsh
p-Po

V(o4)(lo9/loo
2

Sine and conelude that

the ne
Sutcnir.
 lwo Somles: Test on tao meuns Oth kngwn Vmane
A Joradact dereler Is intevesteol in ncducg
tine a pniner poin. Tuo famatahis 4 tte paint ae
tsted: fomulahin 1 is th standard chemshy and
& has a neo dying iedint that shadd reluce te
fomb
time. frm expenenge , it s knaon tht he stondol
deviatin cyg time is 8 minutes, and this inhercnt
KoRabilily shauld be cnofeted
Linafe eheal by the addti d te nao
Ingrdient. Ten
Ssecines are puinted wih tormulahin 1 , end
anoter lo shccimens he puntal in
tundorn ander. TEe
Tuo Sample aure cuiny times are =| &1
Chnd
2 la minutey , sesþcchiely. what
minuy
Cnc by iens Conth
prdact denlojr drau ahat the ehienes tt neus
d= 0. 0)

Solo Null Hythegi

Atenahr
Mao ingredènt tedues mean byiny tine )
Test Stohsh
(-7)-(A -da)
 Snc l2) minutey ond HA minutes
7= (13|- 1|)- (o)

lo

/6-+6-4

3.S8

Conclusiin: inc z=2.1 Zall.645). we

Concluce thet tte addig te newig heject Ho. 3e
pun
sigmh tconty sedru te time.
 Bample i Test on Too Means orth Chkndaon but Equal
Varüne
lso-Somple T- Test
t= (7-)-d.

tohen, do - i-ue, Sp= sni-) +sng-)

An expeninent
tuo dient lomined matenials . Ioelre pece
bere tts teol maens L
by exposing each plene to a machine meaAmy
Wear. Ten piecey matnal &weyt
were Smlary teted.n
each caye, the deth of wear ws
ohseyed.
gawe an auroge Ctadedl) tocar
The sampl
s uss oith aa
&
Somple sundavel oleahin 4, ahile the Smples
an matnal 2
Somple Stndayel devahin S
Con ce Concude at th D.oS leel
Sshiane to tho oksie
wcas d matnl 4 excecds that
Weer matnal a by mor than
a Lnits Assune he populahÝn to be a}poatmatly omal
oith equa Vemune
ht ond a vejrcnt pulatin meuns d te abraie
weey

Allonahie ypoths
 Comptabo: na-)o

S(n,-)4 SM)

Sp > (U6X ) +(2sy 9)

4.4%
Test stahsh:
t Ci-)- do
Sf

4.496
1.04

Conelustin! Sne to4< to.us,20 (0.7&

mo neieet the Ho. We arc unable # to concluele
that he abrase ear f mnad t exteeds hat
mattnal mase han ns.
luo Sampk
Sarnble : ests on Tuo Meany wih Unknoon but
Uhequad anàmees
test shst
t: (i,-7)-do
St, S
ohe

V=
(stin) (siln)
Cni1)

Arsenie convenlkchin in publiz cinkirg ettr sutplie 3 a

þotenhàl health usk. An atde in th Anzong Repuie
Tchurted duhkig cder atsenk (onenbehin in parts þer
billin tur lo meo politem Phoeni, Cmrumhes and 1o
Commungthes in ul Arizbn4 The
(f
=18.5, S, =63
fhene ix) and =t-5, S |S.3
(Aor Rud Arinna)
We ish to deksmine it ter s
dfene in mcan
Orene (oenthon behween metopoli tam
Phoem omuntèy
Omd commumtle in soal na. be 0.05 level siynBkon

Aterraie ptho
 Test stuhsh
(a-)- do

= (12.f- 218)-o
J763) (IS.3)
lo

- 2.74

The feecan
V: (

[(s3)7107

13.2

and a
ds0.
fixed siynhane devet ts
toe wotd ect Ho ,= lz if t> too5, 1R 2o
or it to< -too2,13 -Qlo

(onc lus ien Since toe t-2.77 < to.cgr ,13 --2-160 be
 lo Sampe Tesh On the Vouemce -
Null Hyothesis : H =
Test Stahihe
Fo: S
S

ae ethed in a muàture
S Oxide layers on semicmdactr cafen
7gases to achiere tte proper hicknes.he vouiabil t, in he
knes d thex oxies Japr ` a cnhdl chanactenihi o tth
Sukeguent þrceig
beig shed to demie
ohether on sutenr in sedaciig the vovablih dte oxude
thickne. Stecn ooes ekhed in eoch gas. Ihe Somple
ar
Stmdanl devtin d oxwde theknys S=1-% angstoms orel
Sa= 2.3 anyshons , Yesyeehvely evdene o niat
tet either 9 be a foeal- Jevl tet ath eo. os

Altmahre Hypotewj H,: G a

Test stuhsh

3-84
4.s4

Conclsn! Sine f o-8s> o25.3Ci, (0.35) ar

 lao &amples : Test on Too Preasting--
Nall Hypthesis Ho: =P
Test stuhsh

Avote
yoBe & bo be tiken among the residents
ameng a town and te SUTDu
neing cunty to dekrmhe cohe her a
propesed chemial Flant sheuld be
Conshucted Ihe Constuch site is wthin
ts season many Voters in fhe County feelthe that
tuon imis, ard for
pas beaye the propogul coil
onshuethn, To
Jayj
deymine ipoorthin
thet
un votcn oho feucurY the
IS a ymbcont odferne in ithe
proportin d too tbon vots and Count Vofers
fosg
a poll is faken. Jf I20 4 200 toun voten faovy
aiur He pposal ard
240 soo Caunhy Jesidents f
fov it, woulel you agee that te pro
thon the
Cunty voles Use an o-oof Jerel simhcance.
Son et P ond p9 be th ne popoyhon otrs in the toon cind
Cunty Tespechich faveniy th pojucl.

Test stshe

ohere : 120.6o
120+2o 0.s1
60tSo
 Therfor, 7- 0-60- 0-4e

onclin Z.z 9>Zoor Ci6ur). Reyect Ho and aye that th

encusn;
than The
farnig the prafosal is ier
por tàn amty oBes,
 Tale: Teds Crerning
(omermig. Means
Ho Yalue o}
Test sthitie H,
Cathiad Reyicn
l>o 2Zec

t<-ta, a

ounknawn
t<- te42, t>t,t
Ui-lydo <-Zoc
uilsdo Z>Z
U-td Z-Z) OY Z>Zay,

t (-)-do
U-l9<do t<-t,
ui-lg do t> tc, v
Oj=02 but unlknaon
-stdo te-tey, yYt>4,v

V=n4mg-2
U-ado
tetey
-Me >do t> t,v
-atdo t<-te2, or
t> ty
to2 dnd mknown
 Toble : Tests Conerning on Vaiene
Value of
Ho Test stahshe H Csiheal RegiÝn
Y

-2

XNa,ni
<-Xa,n
fzf-ed (Y, )

S,
dey e
9 heedem.

Tak: Tests Conemig cn opoartion

Vau of
Ho Test sthibi Cnhial ReÝn
2>ZayL r Zo
<-Zy
Zo >Za

Z<-Ze