CHAPTER II

GAS ABSORPTION UNIT DESIGN

2.1. INTRODUCTION

Absorption is a chemical or physical phenomenon in which atoms, molecules or ions

go through some bulk phase either in liquid or solid state. It is also known as a phenomenon
where something takes on a different substance [1]. Meanwhile, gas absorption is a unit
operation of gas separation by using a suitable liquid. In the process, a soluble gas mixture is
separated by dissolved or absorbed in the suitable liquid [2]. The alternative of absorption is
stripping or known as desorption, in which the liquid mixture is penetrated with a gas to
selectively extract components from the liquid to the gas phase by mas transfer. Absorption
is often followed by desorption for further removal of the undesirable components.

There are several types of absober depend on the criteria and economic factors. The
type absorbers that are used in the industries are trayed or plated tower, packed column,
spray tower and bubble column and centrifugal contractor [3].

2.1.1. Choice of Equipment

Plated and packed column are favourable compared to other absorbers in the
industry [3]. Spray, bubble and centrifugal contactor were not chosen as spray column only
has one or two stages, which means the contact between gas mixture and liquid will be
limited. Meanwhile, bubble column was not preferred as it has low vapor throughput and
only efficient for solute which has low solubility in liquid and centrifugal contractor was not
chosen due to space limitations [3].

On the other hand, packed column is more favourable compared to plated column.
Packed tower is chosen over plated tower due to low cost over plated column, and easy for
replacement and storage. It is affordable because the tower diameter is not too large and
make it relatively cheaper construction and material. Moreover, corrosive gases like ethanol
are more suitable for packed tower as the packing can be made from ceramics. The required
pressure drop in packed tower also is less than the plate column [4].

2.1.2. Procedure of Designing Packed Tower

 Based on Towler & Sinnot (2013), there are several steps to design a packed
column which are [5]:
1. Select the type and size of packing.
2. Determine the column height required.
3. Determine the column diameter or capacity.
4. Select and design the column internal features such as packing support, liquid
distributor and redistributors.

Below is the assumptions which are applied to design the packed tower.
1) Steady state
2)
3)

2.1.3. Types of Packing and Solvent Selection

- please clarify nak guna structured or random packing? Saddle ring

2.2. CHEMICAL DESIGN

The absorber was designed to obtain the residue of ethanol from the stream 9 by
washing it with the supply of water. The remaining ethylene in stream 13 will be recycle
back into the reactor together with the small amount of water and ethanol. Below is the
diagram, data inlet and outlet of absorber and calculation of the column diameter.

Stream 13

Stream 12

T-201

Stream 9

Stream 14

Figure xx: The sketch diagram of the absorber

Table xx. Data Inlet and Outlet for Absorber Designation.

Stream 9 13 12 14
Pressure (kPa) 500 490 500 500
Temperature (°C) 50 54.87 30.03 53.86
Mass Flow (kg/hr) 845.9 786.5 214.2 273.6
Molar Flow 29.05 28.31 11.89 12.63
(kgmole/hr)
Water (mol frac.) - 0.0318 1.0000 0.8700
Ethylene (mol frac.) 0.9410 0.9656 - 0.0001
Ethanol (mol frac.) 0.0590 0.0026 - 0.1299

Stream 9
Component Moles flow M Mass flow Xi
Water - 18.015 - -
Ethylene 27.33 28.05 766.61 0.9063
ethanol 1.71 46.07 78.78 0.0931
Total 29.05 845.9 1
Stream 12
Component Moles flow M Mass flow Xi
Water 18.90 18.015 340.48 1
Ethylene - 28.05 - -
ethanol - 46.07 - -
Total 11.89 340.48 1

Stream 13
Component Moles flow M Mass flow Xi
 Water 0.9 18.015 16.21 0.0206
Ethylene 27.33 28.05 766.60 0.9748
ethanol 0.07 46.07 3.225 0.0041
Total 28.31 786.4 1

Stream 14
Component Moles flow M Mass flow Xi
Water 10.9881 18.015 197.95 0.7235
Ethylene 0.00126 28.05 0.0353 0.00013
ethanol 1.641 46.07 75.6 0.2763
Total 12.63 273.5861 1

2.2.1. Determination of the Column Diameter

Column diameter is one of the key requirements when designing an absorber

equipment. The following information is therefore important to get the most reliable
column diameter for the gas absorption unit.

2.2.1.1. Average molecular weight calculation

To determine the column diameter, the first step is to calculate the average molecular
weight for the inlet gas at stream 9.

Am wi , gas =∑ x i y i (2.1.)

kg kg
¿
[( ) ] [ ( ) ] [
27.33

29.05
h
kg
h
x 28.05
kg
kmol
+
1.71

29.05
h
kg
h
x 46.07
kg
kmol
+ ( 0 ) x 18.015
kg
kmol ]
kg
¿ 29.1017
kmol

2.2.1.2. Generalized pressure drop correlation

a) Mass flow for gas inlet at stream 9 per second.

 kg 1 hr
Vw=845.9 x
hr 3600 s
kg
¿ 0.2350
s

b) Mass flow for liquid inlet at stream 12 per second.

kg 1hr
Lw=214.2 x
hr 3600 s
kg
¿ 0.0595
s

Critical temperature and pressure will be determined and needed for prediction correlate
physical properties with the reduced conditions [6]. In this case, the values are needed to
determine density for gas mixture. Thus, the density for liquid and gas mixture can be
determined. Table xx indicate the critical values for both temperature and pressure of
ethylene and ethanol by using Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbbok 8 th Edition as the
source [7].

Table xx. Critical Properties for Components [7].

Component Mass Fraction (yi) Temperature Pressure Critical,
Critical, Tc (K) Pc (bar)
Ethylene 0.9063 282.30 50.40
Ethanol 0.0931 512.64 81.39
Water - 647.10 220.65

The critical value in the Table xx will be used to obtain the compressibility factor, z which
will be determined from a generalized compressibility plot. The compressibility graph was
included in Figure xx (Appendix xx).

Pc ,m of gas

Pc .m =∑ Pc , j y i (2.2)
¯ )) + ( 81.39 ( 0.0931
¿ [ ( 50.40 ( 0.9063 ¯ ) )]

¿ 53.25 ¯¿

T c ,m of gas

T c. m=∑ T c , j y i (2.3)
¿ [ ( 282.3 K ( 0.9063 ) ) + ( 512.64 K ( 0.0931 ) ) ]
¿ 318.82 K
Pr of gas
P
Pr = (2.4)
Pc . m

5
¿
53.25

¿ 0.0939

T r of gas
T
T r= (2.5)
T c. m

323.15
¿
318.82

¿ 1.014

Based on the compressibility chart in Figure xx (Appendix B) and the obtained value of Pr
and T r, the value of compressibility factor, z is 0.28. Thus, the specific volume of inlet gas,
with the value of R, R=8.314 x 10−5 m 3 . .̄ K −1 . mol−1 :

V RT
n
=Z
P ( ) (2.6)

323.15 x 8.314 x 10−5

¿ 0.28 ( 3
5 )
m
¿ 0.0015
mol
m3
¿ 1.5045
kmol

The density of gas mixture, ρ v at the inlet stream 10 in the absorber is:

Amw i ,gas
ρ v=
V (2.7)
n
 kg
29.1017
kmol
¿
m3
1.5045
kmol

kg
¿ 19.3431
m3

kg
The density, ρ L of water inlet at stream 15 is 997 . Based on P. Kiselev et., the viscosity, µL of
m3
water at 30°C is 0.7978 x 10−3 kg .m −1 . s−1 .

All of the properties have been acquired, therefore the calculation diameter of column shall
be proceeded.

L∗w ρv
F LV =
V ∗w √ ρL
(2.8)

kg kg

√
0.0595 19.3431
s m3
¿
kg kg
0.2350 997 3
s m

¿ 0.0353

Based on Coulson and Richardson, the recommended design value for pressure drop, which
is mm water per m packing for absorber are 15 to 50 (Coulson & Richardson’s, 1999) . Thus,
42 mm H 2 O
is chosen as the design value for pressure drop. Based on the Figure xx
m
(Appendix xx), K4 value is 1.7 and the flooding line is 5.6. Therefore, the percentage flooding
is:

1.7
Percentage flooding=
√ 5.6
x 100 %
¿55.09%

The percentage flooding is 55.09% which is satisfactory because the packed towers normally
operated at a gas velocity of 50-80% of flooding conditions *reference kat cek 5*. To
¿
determine column area, the gas mass flow rate per unit column cross sectional area, V w
must be calculated first. The formula is rearranged from the function of K 4. Since, Pall rings
metal are used, F p from the appendix is 52m-1.
 0.1
µL

K4=
13.1 ( V
¿ 2
w) Fp ( )
ρL (2.9)
ρV ( ρL −ρV )

0.5
K 4 ρV ( ρL −ρV )

[ ]
¿
V =
w 0.1
µL
13.1 F p
( )
ρL
0.5
kg kg

[ ]
1.7 x(19.3431
3
)( 997−19.3431 ) 3
m m
¿
kg 0.1
0.797 x 10−3
13.1( 230 m−1 )
(
kg
997 3
m
m. s
)
kg
¿ 6.591 2
m s

c) Determination of Column Area

Therefore, the column area required is:

Gas flowrate inlet (Vw )

Column area= (2.10)
V ¿w

kg
0.2350
s
¿
kg
6.591 2
m s
¿ 0.0357 m2

Diameter of the column calculated by using equation:

π
Area= D 2 (2.11)
4

4
D=
√ π
¿)

¿ 0.2132 m

The diameter is round off to 0.25m.

Therefore, the new column area:

π
Area= (0.25)2
4

Area=0.049 m2

The chosen design value for the size of Pall rings is 16mm. Thus, the packing size to column
diameter ratio is:

0.25
Packing ¿ column diameter ratio= =15.625
16 x 10−3

The ratio of diameter of the tower to the packing is satisfactory because based on *cek 6*
the minimum value is 15.
Lastly is to find the percentage flooding which then will be used to determine the column
height. Percentage flooding at the selected diameter:

0.0357 m 2
Percentage flooding= x 55.09 %=40.14 %
0.049 m 2

2.2.2. Determination of the Column Height Required for Separation.

The methods used for calculation of column height based on Cornell’s method. Both
methods will be compared and tested, and the most appropriate height will be taken as the
height of the column.

2.3.3.1. Calculation of Gas Mixture Viscosity

The viscosity of gases at the inlet stream is: reference kat cek 9
Am wi , gas
µG=

[(
y ethylene . M ethylene
µethylene )(+
y ethanol . M ethanol
µ ethanol ) ]
×0.001
(2.12)

29.1017
¿
[( 0.9063 ×28.05
0.01 06 )(
+
0.0931× 46.07
0.983 ) ] × 0.001=1.2112 x 10−5 Pa . s

2.3.3.2. Diffusion Coefficients (Diffusivities)

The equation to estimate diffusion coefficient of gases was developed by Fuller et al. (1996),
while the equation liquid diffusivity was developed by Wilke and Chang (1955). Both
equations were used throughout design to determine height of the column reference kat
buku coulsonn.

a) Diffusivity of Gases Mixture Inlet

1
1 1

Dv =
1.013 x 10−7 T 1.75 ( +
Ma Mb ) 2

(2.13)
1 1 2
P
[( ∑
a
vi +
) (∑ v ) ]
3
b
i
3

Where the ∑ vi and ∑ vi are the summation of the special volume coefficients for
a b
component of a and b which are ethanol and ethylene respectively. The values were
obtained in the table in the Appendix .
∑ v i=[ ( 16.5 x 2 ) + ( 6 x 1.98 )+ (5.48 ) ]=50.3 6
a

∑ v i=[ ( 16.5 x 2 ) + ( 4 x 1.98 ) ]=40.9 2

b

Thus, D v is
1
1.75 1 1

( )
−7
1.013 x 10 x 323.15 K + 2
kg kg
28.05 46.07
kmol kmol
Dv = 2
¯ 1 1
[
5 ( 50.36 ) + ( 40.92 ) 3
3
]
2
−6 m
¿ 2.3450 x 10
s

b) Diffusivity of Liquid Inlet.

1.172 x 10−13 ( ∅ M )0.5 T

D L= 0.6 (2.14)
µVm

Where all of these data were obtained from Coulson & Richardson’s, Chemical Engineering,
Volume 6)

∅ , theassociation factor for the solvent =2.6

V m , molar volume of water at its boiling point=0.0189

1.172 x 10−13 ( 2.6 x 18 )0.5 323.15

D L=
0.282 x 10−3 x 0.0189 0.6
 −6 m2
¿ 7.1399 x 10
s

2.3.3.3. Cornell’s Method

Percentage flooding at selected diameter =40.14 %

From figure at Appendix, at 40.14%, K3 =0.99
kg
0.0595
From figure at Appendix, at 40.14% and L¿ w=( s
2
), ∅ h = 0.045
0.049 m
From figure at Appendix, at 40.14%, Ψh = 48
(Obtained from Coulson & Richardson, Chemical Engineering, Volume 6)

HOG is expected to be around 1m, thus, as the first estimation, z value can be taken as 2.

a) Liquid Schmidt Number, ( Sc ) L

µL
( Sc ) L = (2.15)
ρL DL

0.001
( Sc ) L =
997 × 7.1399 x 10−6
¿ 0.14 05

b) Gas Schmidt Number, ( Sc ) v

µv
( Sc ) v = (2.16)
ρv D v

1.2112 x 10−5
( Sc ) v =
19.3431 ×2.3450 x 10−6
¿ 0.2671

2.2.2.3.1. Height of a Liquid Phase Transfer Unit, HL

The equation of HL is,

0.15
Z
H L=0.0305 ∅h ( Sc ) L0.5 K 3
0.15
( )
3.05
(2.17)

2
0.5
H L=0.305 ( 0.045 ) ( 0.145 ) 0.99 ( )
3.05
H L=0.0049m
As the liquid temperature has been taken as 30˚C and the liquid is water, thus, f1 = f2 = f3 = 1

2.2.2.3.2. Height of a gas phase transfer unit, HG

The equation of HG is,

1.11 0.33
Dc Z
HG=
0.011 Ψ ( Sc )V 0.5 K 3 ( 0.3 05 ) ( ) 3.05 (2.18)
0.5
( L f 1 f 2 f 3)
¿
w
1.11 0.33
0.25 2
HG=
0.011 ( 48 ) 0.26710.5 (
0 .3 05 ) ( ) 3.05
( 1.2142 )0.5

¿ 0.1727 m

2.2.2.3.3. The Overall Gas Phase Transfer Unit and Individual Film Transfer
Unit

H OG=H G + K 4 + H L
¿ 0.1727+1.7+ 0.0049
¿ 1.878 m

2.2.2.3.4. The Height of a Transfer Unit, Z

Z=Z estimated × H OG
¿ 2 ×1.878
¿ 3.756 m

Round off to 4m

2.2.2.3.5. Column Efficiency

Z 1
N OG = =ln
H OG 1−eff

4
N OG = =2.1299
1.878

1
N OG =ln
1−eff

e ff =88.11 %

2.2.3. Column Internals

In a packed column the internal fittings are simpler than those in a plate column but must
be carefully constructed to ensure good efficiency. In general, it is important to specify the
standard fittings produced by the packaging manufacturers. There are several column
internals that need to be considered and selected which are packing support, liquid
distributors, liquid redistributors and hold down plates.

2.2.3.1. Packing Support

The purpose of the support plate is to bear the weight of the wet packing, while allowing
the gas and liquid to flow freely. *reference buku coulson*

2.3. Mechanical Design

In the system absorber, the operating pressure and temperature are as follow:
Operating Temperature = 323.13K
Operating Pressure = 5 bar

Design pressure, Pi must be 10% above the operating pressure,

Pi= 5 bar x 1.1
= 5.5 bar
= 0.55 N/mm2
Typical design stresses for plate,
Material: Stainless steel 18Cr/8Ni Ti stabilised (321)
Tensile strength: 540 N/mm2
Design stress,f : 165 N/mm2
(Obtained from Colsonkjbshdjbdjhvd)
2.3.1. Cylindrical Shell Section
Minimum thickness required to resist internal pressure, e
Pi D i
e= (2.19)
2 f −P i
0.55 × 250
e= =0.4174 mm
2 (165 )−0.55

The minimum thickness value will be added with corrosion allowance, 0.417 + 2 =
2.417mm.
Round up to 3mm.
2.3.2. Analysis of Head Closure Thickness

Choice of the closure is domed head

2.3.2.1. Torispherical Head, e

Crown radius, Rc = Di = 0.25m

Knuckle radius, Rk = 0.06 x 0.25
= 0.015m

A head of this size would be formed by pressing, so there are no joints, J = 1

1
Stress concentration factor, C s=
4 (√ RR ck )
1 0.25
C s=
4( √
3+
0.015 )
=1.770 6

Pi Rc C s
e= (2.20)
2. f . J + P i ( C s−0.2 )

0.55 ×250 ×1. 7706

e= =0.7358 m m
2× 165+ [ 0.55 ( 1.7706−0.2 ) ]

The corrosion allowance (2mm) was added,

0.7358 + 2mm = 2.0736mm

2.3.2.2. Ellipsoidal Head, e

P i Di
e= (2.21)
2. J . f −0.2 Pi
0.55× 250
e= =0.4168 mm
2× 165−( 0.2× 0.55 )

The corrosion allowance (2mm) was added,

0.4618 + 2mm = 2.4618mm

By comparing the value of both heads, the ellipsoidal head is recommended as it is

the most economical. So, the thickness of the head will be taken same as the wall
which is 3mm.
2.3.3. Vessel Design Based on the Combined Loading
The pressure vessel must be designed to withstand the additional pressure due to
combination of various loads. There are many sources of loads need to be considered and
the main sources of loads are:

a. Dead weight of vessel and contents

b. Wind loading
c. Internal fitting
d. Insulation
e. The weight of liquid to fill the vessel.

2.3.3.1. Column Weight

I) Dead weight of vessel, W v

The equation for weight of steel vessel is,
W v =240 C v Dm ( H v +0.8 Dm ) t (2.22)
Where,
C v= factor of the weight of nozzles, manways and internal supports. Might
take 1.08 as the factor (Coulson & Richardson)

H v = Height or length between tangent line of the vessel, the estimated value
is 3m.

Dm= Mean diameter, Dm =D i+ t

t is the average thickness. To estimate the t, five different section of
increasing thickness are considered with the increasing of 2mm per section.
The value of 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16mm are taken. The average t is 12mm.
Thus,
Dm =D i+ t
D m =0.25+12 x 10−3
¿ 0.262 m

So, the dead weight of vessel,W v is,

W v =240 C v D m ( H v +0.8 D m ) t
¿ 240 ×1.08 ×0.262 [ 3+ ( 0.8 ×0.262 ) ] 12
¿ 2615.58 N
¿ 2.615 kN

II) Weight of insulation

Mineral wool was chosen as the material for insulation purpose owing to its
resistance of handling corrosive substances.
 Density of mineral wool = 130kg/m3
Thickness of insulation, ti = 75mm (typical assumed value)
(obtained from Coulson./)

Volume of insulation,
V i=π D i H v ×t i (2.23)

¿ π (0.25)(3)(75 x 10−3 )
¿ 0.1767 m 3

Weight of insulation, W i =V i ρg
¿ 0.1767 ×130 × 9.81
¿ 0.2 251 kN
The value is doubled to allow fitting = 0.4502kN

III) Total weight, W T =W v +W I

¿ 2.615+0.4502
¿ 3.0652 k N

2.3.3.2. Wind Loading

The dynamic wind pressure will have 1280N/m2 as its value. (obtained from
richardon)

I) Mean diameter, deff, including insulation,

d eff =D i +2 ( t+t insulation ) (2.24)

¿ 0.25+2 ( 0.012+0.075 )
¿ 0.424 m

II) Loading, (per linear meter), Fw

F w =Pwind Deff (2.25)

¿ 1280 ×0.42 4
¿ 542.72 N /m

III) Bending moment at bottom tangent line, Mx

Fw 2
M x= (Hv) (2.26)
2
 542.72 2
¿ (3)
2
¿ 2442.24 N m

2.3.4. Analysis of Stress

The pressure vessel is subjected to other loads in addition of pressure must be designed
to withstand the combination of loading without failure.
2.3.4.1. Longitudinal and circumferential stresses due to internal or external pressure.

P Di
Longitudinal stress , σ h= (2.27)
2t
0.55× 250
σ h=
2( 12)
¿ 5.7292 N /mm2

P Di
Circumferential stress , σ L = (2.28)
4t
0.55× 250
σ L=
4 (12)
¿ 2.8646 N /mm2

2.3.4.2. Dead weight stress

w
Dead weight stress , σ w = (2.29)
π ( D i +t ) t
3065
σ w=
π (250+12) 12
¿ 0.3103 N /mm2

2.3.4.3. Bending stress

M x Di
Bending stress , σ b =±
Iv 2 ( )
+t (2.30)

Where,
π
I v= ( D 4o −D 4i )
64
π
I v=
64
( [ Di +2 t ]4−D4i )
π 4 4
I v = ( [ 250+2(12) ] −250❑ )
64

¿ 8.4929 x 107 mm 4
 2.4422 x 106 250
σ b=±
8.4929 x 10 7 2 (
+12 )
¿ 3.94 N /mm2

2.3.4.4. Total longitudinal stress

Total longitudinal stress, σ z=σ L +σ w ± σ b
Since σ w is compressive, thus, it is negative in value.
σ z (upwind )=2.8646−0.3103+3.94=6.4943 N /mm2
σ z (downwind)=2.8646−0.3103−3.94=−1.3857 N /mm 2

2.3.4.5. Critical elastic stability (buckling)

t
Buckling ,σ z =( 2 x 104 ) (2.31)
Do

12
¿ ( 2 x 10 4 )
274
¿ 875.91 N /mm2

2.3.5. Vessel Support

The vessel support used is skirt support. For vertical vessels, skirt supports are
recommended, as they do not place intense loads on the shell.

At the ambient temperature condition:

Type of support : Straight cylindrical skirt (θs = 90˚)
Material of construction : Stainless steel
Design stress : 165 N /mm2
Young’s Modulus : 200 000 N /mm2
Skirt height, Hs : 3m is the typical height for vertical column support
(obtained from Coulson)

On the skirt, the maximum dead weight load should occur when the vessel is full of
the liquid.

2.3.5.1. Approximate weight

π
W ¿ .= D H ρ g (2.32)
4 i v L
π
¿ ( 0.25 )2 3 ×19.3431 × 9.81
4
¿ 27.94 N
 2.3.5.2. Total weight of the vessel
W T =W tot . vessel +W ¿ .
¿ 3.0652 k N + 0.0279 k N
¿ 3.0931 k N

2.3.5.3. Bending moment at the base of the skirt

2
( H v+ H s ) (2.33)
M s=F w
2
2
( 3+3 )
¿ 542.72
2
¿ 9.769 k N /m

2.3.5.4. Bending stress of skirt

4 Ms
σ bs = (2.34)
π ( D s +t s ) t s D s
4 ×9769000
¿
π ( 250+12 ) 250× 12
¿ 15.8248 N /mm2

2.3.5.5. Dead weight in the skirt as vessel full of water for the hydraulic test.
W tot
σ ws= (2.35)
π ( D s +t s ) t s
3093
¿
π ( 250+12 ) 12
¿ 0.3131 N /mm2

2.3.5.6. Dead weight in the skirt at the operating condition

W tot
σ ws= (2.36)
π ( D s +t s ) t s
3065
¿
π ( 250+12 ) 12
¿ 0.3103 N /mm2

In the estimating total weight, the weight of liquid on the plates has been
counted twice. The weight has not been adjusted to allow for this as the
error is small and the safe side.

2.3.5.7. The resultant stresses in the skirt

σ s (compressive)=σ bs +σ ws
¿ 15.8248+0.313 1
¿ 16.1279 N /mm2
 σ s (tensile)=σ bs −σ ws
¿ 15.8248−0.3103
¿ 15.5145 N /mm 2

The standard factor J is 0.85 (source Coulson)

The thickness of the skirt should be such that the following design
requirements are not met under the worst combination of wind and dead-
weight loading.

σ^s (tensile)≯ f s Jsinθ (2.37)

15.5145 N / mm2 ≯ 0.85 ( 165 ) sin 9 0

15.5145 N /mm2 ≯ 140.2 5

ts
σ^s (compressive) ≯ 0.125 E sinθ (2.38)
Ds

( 12 )
16.1279 N /mm2 ≯ 0. 123 ( 200000 ) sin 9 0
250
16.1279 N /mm2 ≯ 1 180.8

Both criteria are satisfied, add 2mm for corrosion, this give thickness value of
16mm.

2.3.6. Base ring and anchor bolts

The loads the skirt holds are transmitted via the skirt base ring to the foundation
slab. The moment generated by wind and other lateral charges will appear to
overturn the vessel; the couple set by the vessel's weight and the tensile load in the
anchor bolts will oppose this. Scheiman’s method was used in designing base ring
and anchor bolts. (Coulson)

2.3.6.1. Approximate pitch circle diameter

D ¿. =D i +2 ( t+ t ins . ) (2.39)
¿ 250+2 ( 12+ 75 )
¿ 424 mm ≈ 450 mm

2.3.6.2. Number of bolts required, at minimum recommended bolt spacing.

π D ¿.
n= (0)
600
π D ¿.
¿ =3
600
 Based on the Scheiman guides:
1) Minimum number of bolts = 8
2) Use multiples of 4 bolts
3) Bolt pitch should not be less than 600mm.

The number of bolts used will be 8. Since the minimum bolt pinch is less than
600mm, a conical skirt should be used. Based on Coulson, bolt design value is
125N/mm2

2.3.6.3. The anchor bolts, Ab

1 4 Ms
Ab =
[
N b f b Db
−W
] (0.40)

1 4 ×9769
Ab =
8× 125 [ 0.45
−3065 ]
¿ 83.77 mm2
2.3.6.4. Hgfdr
2.3.6.5. hjfs