Professional Documents
Culture Documents
com
Valve Sizing
Te chnic al Bulletin
Flow control
valve
Standard distances
from test valve
�p
q = N1Cv
Gf
Symbols Used in Flow Equations
Cv = flow coefficient �p = p1 – p2
Gf
q = flow rate
p1 = inlet pressure
p1 p2
p2 = outlet pressure q
Dp = pressure drop (p1 – p2) Cv
Gf = liquid specific gravity (water = 1.0)
Gg = gas specific gravity (air = 1.0) The water flow graphs (pages 6 and 7) show water flow as a
function of pressure drop for a range of Cv values.
N1, N2 = constants for units
T1 = absolute upstream temperature: Gas Flow
K = °C + 273 Gas flow calculations are slightly more complex, because
°R = °F + 460 gases are compressible fluids whose density changes with
pressure. In addition, there are two conditions that must be
Note: p1 and p2 are absolute pressures for gas flow. considered—low pressure drop flow and high pressure drop
flow.
Valve Sizing
p2 < 1/2p1
q
This equation applies when there is low pressure drop pressure does not increase the flow because the gas has
flow—outlet pressure (p2) is greater than one half of inlet reached sonic velocity at the orifice, and it cannot break that
pressure (p1): “sound barrier.”
The equation for high pressure drop flow is simpler because
2�p
(
q = N2Cv p1 1 –
3p1
) �p
p1GgT 1
it depends only on inlet pressure and temperature, valve flow
coefficient, and specific gravity of the gas:
q = 0.471 N2Cv p1 1
p2 > 1/2p1
GgT 1
Gg T 1 p1 p2
p2 < 1/2p1
q
Cv Gg T 1 p1 p2
The low pressure drop air flow graphs (pages 8 and 9) show q
low pressure drop air flow for a valve with a Cv of 1.0, given Cv
as a function of inlet pressure (p1) for a range of pressure
drop (Dp) values. The high pressure drop air flow graphs (pages 10 and 11)
When outlet pressure (p2) is less than half of inlet pressure show high pressure drop air flow as a function of inlet
(p1)—high pressure drop—any further decrease in outlet pressure for a range of flow coefficients.
Valve Sizing
+80
Percent change
bases usually are diluted in water and—
consequently—the specific gravity of the +20
mixtures is much closer to that of water
than to that of the pure liquid.
0
–20
–40
Ether Alcohol Oils Nitric acid Sulfuric acid
+80
0
high or low densities often are mixed
with a carrier gas such as nitrogen, so
that the specific gravity of the mixture is –40
close to that of air.
Change in specific gravity
–80 Change in flow rate
–120
Hydrogen Natural gas Oxygen Argon Carbon
dioxide
Effects of Specific Gravity Figure 4 shows how the significance of specific gravity on
The flow equations include the variables Gf and Gg—liquid liquid flow is diminished by taking its square root. Only if the
specific gravity and gas specific gravity—which are the specific gravity of the liquid is very low or very high will the
density of the fluid compared to the density of water (for flow change by more than 10 % from that of water.
liquids) or air (for gases). The effect of specific gravity on gases is similar. For example,
However, specific gravity is not accounted for in the graphs, the specific gravity of hydrogen is 93 % lower than that of air,
so a correction factor must be applied, which includes the but it changes flow by just 74 %. Carbon dioxide has a specific
square root of G. Taking the square root reduces the effect gravity 53 % higher than that of air, yet it changes flow by only
and brings the value much closer to that of water or air, 1.0. 24 %. Only gases with very low or very high specific gravity
change the flow by more than 10 % from that of air.
For example, the specific gravity of sulfuric acid is 80 %
higher than that of water, yet it changes flow by just 34 %. Figure 5 shows how the effect of specific gravity on gas flow
The specific gravity of ether is 26 % lower than that of water, is reduced by use of the square root.
yet it changes flow by only 14 %.
Effects of Temperature
Temperature usually is ignored in liquid flow calculations
because its effect is too small.
Temperature has a greater effect on gas flow calculations,
because gas volume expands with higher temperature and
Valve Sizing
Temperature, C
–40 0 +40 +80 +120 +160 +200
+20
+10
0
range –40°F (–40°C) to +212°F (+100°C).
Within this range, temperature changes
–10 affect flow by little more than 10‑%.
–20
–30
–40 0 +100 +200 +300 +400
Temperature, F
4000
3000
2000
Cv = 0.0005
Cv
1000
800 0.0010
600
0.0025
400
300 0.0050
200 0.010
100
0.025
80
0.050
60
0.10
40
30
0.25
20
Pressure Drop, psi
10
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.006 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2.0
1000
800
600
0.10
400
300 0.25
200
0.50
1.0
100
80
60 2.5
40 5.0
30
10
20
25
10
8 50
6
100
4
3 250
2
1
1 2 3 4 6 8 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000
Example:
■ Enter the vertical scale with the pressure drop across the valve (Dp = 60 psi).
■ Read across to the desired flow rate (q = 4 U.S. gal/min).
■ The diagonal line is the desired Cv value (Cv = 0.50).
Valve Sizing
Water flow, liters per minute
Water Flow—Metric Units
1000
800
600
400
300
200
100 Cv = 0.0005
80
60 0.0010
40
0.0025
30
0.0050
20
0.010
10
8 0.025
6 0.050
4
0.10
3
2 0.25
Pressure Drop, bar
1
0.004 0.006 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.01 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 6.0
100
80
60
0.10
40
30 0.25
20
0.50
1.0
10
8
6 2.5
4 5.0
3
10
2
25
1.0
0.8 50
0.6
100
0.4
0.3 250
0.2
0.1
4 6 8 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000 2000 3000 4000
Flow, L/min
Example:
■ Enter the vertical scale with the pressure drop across the valve (Dp = 30 bar).
■ Read across to the desired flow rate (q = 0.2 L/min).
■ The diagonal line is the desired Cv value (Cv = 0.0025).
Valve Sizing
Low pressure air drop flow, standard cubic feet per minute
Low Pressure Drop Air Flow—U.S. Units
3000
2000
250 psi
500 psi
100 psi
1000
800 50 psi
600
25 psi
400
Inlet Pressure, psig
10 psi
300
�p = 5 psi
200
100
80
60
40
30
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200 300 400 500 600 800 1000
Example:
■ Enter the vertical scale with the inlet pressure at the valve (p1 = 200 psig).
■ Read across to the diagonal line for the pressure drop across the valve (Dp = 25 psi).
■ Read down to the horizontal scale for the flow rate through a valve with a Cv of 1.0 (q = 65 std ft3/min).
■ Multiply that flow rate by the valve Cv to determine the actual flow rate.
Valve Sizing
Low pressure air drop flow, standard liters per minute
Low Pressure Drop Air Flow—Metric Units
200
25 bar
10 bar
100
5 bar
80
2.5 bar
60
50
1.0 bar
40
0.50 bar
30
Inlet Pressure, bar
�p = 0.25 bar
20
10
2
300 400 600 800 1000 2000 3000 4000 6000 8000 10 000 20 000 30 000
Example:
■ Enter the vertical scale with the inlet pressure at the valve (p1 = 100 bar).
■ Read across to the diagonal line for the pressure drop across the valve (Dp = 1 bar).
■ Read down to the horizontal scale for the flow rate through a valve with a Cv of 1.0 (q = 4000 std L/min).
■ Multiply that flow rate by the valve Cv to determine the actual flow rate.
10 Valve Sizing
High pressure drop air flow, standard cubic feet per minute
High Pressure Drop Air Flow—U.S. Units
3000
2000
1000
800
CvC=v 0.0005
600
500 0.0010
400
0.0025
300
0.0050
200 0.010
0.025
100 0.050
80
0.10
60
50 0.25
40
0.50
30
Inlet Pressure, psig
20
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10 20
1000
800
0.10
600
500 0.25
400
0.50
300 1.0
200 2.5
5.0
10
100
25
80
50
60
50 100
40
250
30
20
10 20 30 40 60 80 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000 2000 3000 4000 6000 10 000
Example:
■ Enter the vertical scale with the inlet pressure at the valve (p1 = 200 psig).
■ Read across to the desired flow rate (q = 10 std ft3/min).
■ The diagonal line is the desired Cv value (Cv = 0.10).
Valve Sizing 11
200
100
80
60
50
Cv = 0.0005
40
0.0010
30
0.0025
20
0.0050
0.010
10
0.025
8
0.050
6
5 0.10
4
0.25
3
Inlet Pressure, bar
2
0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2 3 4 6 8 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 200 300
80
60 0.050
50
0.10
40
30
0.25
0.50
20
1.0
2.5
10
5.0
8 10
6 25
5
50
4
100
3
250
2
200 300 400 600 800 1000 2000 3000 4000 6000 10 000 20 000 40 000 60 000 100 000 200 000
Example:
■ Enter the vertical scale with the inlet pressure at the valve (p1 = 20 bar).
■ Read across to the desired flow rate (q = 4000 std L/min).
■ The diagonal line is the desired Cv value (Cv = 1.0).
Safe Product Selection
When selecting a product, the total system design must
be considered to ensure safe, trouble-free performance.
Function, material compatibility, adequate ratings,
Swagelok—TM Swagelok Company
proper installation, operation, and maintenance are the © 1994, 1995, 2000, 2002 Swagelok Company
responsibilities of the system designer and user. December 2007, R4
MS-06-84-E