Name- Tshita inghal

USN 1 B120TS039
Sem- 2hd Bounch-ISE Sec- E
SubJect Name - Enginee ring Chemistoy

Svbdect Code 18 CHE22

ASSign ment
1. Explain the theoay, ih Strum entat on and aplicah on o(alai mEtoh

CSHimati om
Theoxy Colonme toic tochnigue Jj ged to find out the (ontm bh
a Substane Pacsent in Hs Colourd Solvian Thiy mehod
th
arhCable eny when heu is
Change herai ty Colou
he (cloue
Change in
Concen ahon Species Hghen ik onity h
mae coill be the light zadiation absoded by 4 Tu intena t

dCsuitant olova ed Selohm is detomined by (olmme ten

muaen
hena monorh gom ahc kght inten sity T is incident ma

Medum a Punt Ja asatd a put a ejeced amd he iemqini

Pant Tt u
toanumitted
ToF Tat I,tI
tu a gla,-an intnace Is is neghgible Ihezek. IlqtIy
TuTTcaled the tahs mitance, kog 1T- Jog lo1 * (aled
a bfoy bmc a optical den ity (A). he Yelahon betuen alscoban ce A,

Comcentrahon c
lir') and
(Exprezed en mol pah leng h t (txoeyed
h Cm) a gien by Brey-lambea'sLa

whes. E s he molam EAhnclion Coid ent lohich 4 a Censtant foy

gven Svbstame ad a
given wavelength he path lengh s kepi
Congtornt thtn A c henre a plot absoance againgt Cancndahen
is Tmasuned sing a Spectoomelen ad Optmum wavelengh
Tnstamentedion fblych ao matic yadiaion foum a lamp s paued

hoogh lens a d mon ochumatur (ilHon) to

get monochanmai c

odation o Kroun oavelength Thon il pased thav ogh Somple

Haken in CuveHe whch absobs Some paxt the gadiatjon nd
0n4mits Temqining fast
 is dejrcird
Luight 3adiaim akSobed by delrhor, mplihed and
tmally duplayd humeind, Valu

H montchauma t
delector
Leng
Lamp
ample
Cuvete
Schematic reprejentation Colimeten
aompli Fien Diselay
Apli cahicn
Coloimetoic icchnigu mat torgurty wed tor dettmiing tta
Con cen bettions metdy and ruom- methiu pIA Ent in Smal&uarht
in o , Soil Sampe, arnd ailiy

32 DiSruss the Vaiatiom (omduchnty in the ttsahan o HCL am d

CHCaDH V Stundand JNaoH Soloti an

Stoomg Aod with a Stotng Eaue consudei a tibuhin o HCI ag aing

agonst vao. HCi high ly nductire a it Gnjainy highly mobile
H ias when NaoH J added into HcL Solu hon, highy mobile HTt
au. aeplaced by Je mobile Nat icns

b) weaK acid ceith a & ton g baße: CMde a titrah on a e h c acid

tk
Plecolyk and hence st
0gingt ydaoxi de. /Acehc orid a

hou low (ondoctanc e bhtn Jvaon added Jo tu sotm a

Acct and Sdium aretadc. i tumed uhich ay a S tom Fkclyks

0sd henue. highly idnid-

)Mixtuge oSon9 n d e a l c acid, i d , a stoon q o g e

Sodium
Wen mxiue ota ond g(ivh 4 tito aPd aging
to Shongen Arnd, hcL is neuhalard ist h
ydeud
nadal2alion he weak acid (h ooM) CCmn en[el mJ Gh dle
 acid
COm plete neubn liahm he sbng

do HCl deratag the Conductance thu

Ihe addi tin o JVaoH
mobile Ht ions ana. neukrali2 ed by NaoH
ae becauy e
highly
amd oeplared by e mobile JNat in Th tatnd tmti nue hill all
Hhe H ionu o HCl au neutaliged On Containing ho additi m
Naon CDncluctance. Incaxages Slouly duu to neutral2aion oPoialy
diseriatrd aetc acid nto its mtoc ionic uthenSalt C roNa
addition NaoH So the. Conductance. Seeply dus. to tha
a
A titsahon Cunve is shnan in
Rnekemce o atu. oP iony tynral

Cm

Volumea Naoh in Cm'

93 Explain the theoay, ingtoomehaicn and applicahion tam e

Photomehric ESHmahion
heooy àodium Potagium al Cium @nd lithi um and ohe (emmo
Elomen s impant Chanacieuti C Colow oith
the Bay to blame Vaiies
Gth the omoun o tlemends
infeodu (ed,
(om em toah cm aj diuch Flenenjh
in Solution be EShi maded b1 blame Pho Bome toy method
Can
melad to be
LAhen oluion ontaini ng a
Compuund ohe
in vag tigalrd aspia aded tb a lome ,
lhe
tollowi ng Paoces
OCCug
fvamaj),
eun behnd Sold side
i)Solvent
i)&olid vaqon od ad dun oiabed into Hs Cutituderd odme
ihia. ub.guor t i d oon 9ocud fute to Ecitd Stale
 ythe heumal Enngy Y Hu Jlame
hi) The ExG4Cd alum, which au umgtable quickly 9etum to
lauen Enengy Sule i.e ,gound SAal by emihng photmd
Impating Colou toihu tlame. Tntonuiy thu. lam e Coloun
measuned by slam e photbmelo. Seunce oevent thaOru
whem Soloion s 08pi zaled into a tlam e ússch omeh (al ep

Evafonatior VNsatemy fa ma) + X(g)

MX(aa) cmis1) g2und Siae)
Excitah o

CExokd Stak) Mg)

The elatiorship beueun tha gorund Awe and Extitd Stat
Fopudalio, is given by the Boltzmann 8guahian
M./No=(Blg.) et/kT
wheu - no atm in the Exciked Stalk. No=no atumg in the
8PL d Stobe 8»lg» o Stali sh (al
öaho eighds hr gound and
boltzmann
Exited Stales, d¬-Encngy axtarhon =hY, K= the
toom the. above fgoatim, it d
Corytant, T= absolute Tempenatun e
Eiden+ tht tha. dutio N.lNo s dependond: uprm both the fxCitation

Enngy E and the tempestuu T An incrages in em ponchute Ond u

deeease in E will both rsult in ahigha valve the ratio N|No

e conce» buhi n=
Jnstoumentatim: The Sol" o the 4naly te (element wh
it 4mixed cwith
t be delnm ined) is Suckec into a chambon when
he an to dun a bne mist 1he dina mist s then Pojed
into
1h e
hhe lame the bun G Tho Dadiqti ms tmted þaw hauugh
o
illo Lohidh toungnits only the adiatim ChanaCHasti c ha Elemcnt
Undo lot Then the vadiatlon alny on the Photbcell éetectur ond the
ampli hied &ignal s displayed as fmi sgi m in doryi ty

App li Lationg: u) Con cen tautim o Elements hke Sodiun , Aotalsi um

and lithium whidh imfot- Chaacios iC blauu totha Bunn

Cokcium
melhod
4iame c a n be by
estinaded tlame photome hy
i Veuy loOuw (on(enaaiim Can be, PSfimael
 Photrd

Ahen Rrad oul

Miing comlo

Drain
g4 Descibe the Sol-gel method bur Parpaaatin a onmaBaial oith
an Example?

Sol-8et tchnigu. is impatant

an botum up
appovadh ha the
Syrihei s o non maltialu The Sa-get Panex h ben mainly
Med in the Synheis o mau-dispesed nano poticle q metd
OXides and tompnatuu Semathive Gogani c-inaganí c h bid malei al

he Stps ihvelved ih the method au

) Paspanahion Sol: A Sol papaned by ds pruing Pae cutsog
in a
Solven then Ametal Sal oa meBal alkoide s sect a
Paecussc oSyuihegize nanopuh (le metal oaide
Con vegian Selto ge Sol the umdngoe bgd»lysi's ond
Condcneah on eacti ny poming a gd Simple byduyaiS ând
Condoration deactin givn below
hydaolis:

t m(oGh,) x(o1)h
CondonSation: P(oGhs), (on)
(ocmy-x(0 ),M-0-Pi (o4)%(OgHg),lo
C Aging olge: Gel on
agng tor a Known Peniod o time,
tinaly Cmdonu c. to nanu scal e clusBou oj meal bydrozid
Solven dtmoved
&Removal o Solvent The en to pstolabe d i

baom gel by evaperaive drying

Tbeament: 1he. Sample hy obtained heat torabed
Heat
t obtuin nanomaticles
Hyduolysis
moGHgy + XMo m
(o6Mg)y-x (oMhe + M GhjoH
Condens
m(cHahiD (o)g+m(oGHJ4-x(ou) (Ma)y-x ) x-M-o-n
(oGAy+tho
ati Cie dize, mapholo9y @nd micostovctwe h a namv Pati (le
Cambe tailoed by ontooling thu. CnCenbahion Poecang cr,1ak
hydnlysis Gnd ondengatitn acimy, Qmd aging time.Nanopaticeg
have a Sine vangng trom 1 t
bomedb dogel pavtes (comncnly

The main advantaga l-gel poofej a :

an be otamed
ith govd hmogeniy
1 maBoiads o high Puui by
JNano
Cdas tu Puihy Stamhng maoiad).
2-Samples an be ppaed a dowbh tomperaduu
is belw.
Sol get yheishahads gven
n example
be SyntheSized by Sol gel mehod
(i(oo),
|JVaord, o Tio, Cam
dsolved Jn eh4hal as obtaui
Ond O1,0H oith molan agtio : 1 a e
AveGuaed q
volum e Hci 4s acfed to
On toot hytoolys
4 hePt Ba qging
nd Conderugtion oeactjong Th sulh) iun
bur ob oul 4dayg » gel oltined
iS ilJ odedfo £vaPortive
s
(al aned ot y
doig to Kmove o Sotve h Sample
4H Ous to ge nanod, 1i02
SS. ive the PanptHes amá aPPM (ah ms Caabn n@notubeg

CNTs
operhes and Aph cahoy q
i) CNIS Ehibit high elech1(al by along the callu, amd
(onduchin

aso high themal Conduchnly hy have Jow deruiby @ndve

as. tmd
medhaniCal Shemgth Due to theae pnpoti ej they
high
be wetui a4:
lithium ion 9echan badties
a) flecbade makials tuo gable
Graut.
inth(onnrck behuse» Compments in lngad
b) Metallic
Svlieded toa high gledac bield and
)CNIS Cam Emits euhen micomet& dength
the pvcey Called 0sbield emisim Thain
the orhmal Shape tr beld
amd nanomete tip diamets n jdd emiSiom
to thu Paofly thy aie wed
Cm SsionDus
X-3ay vbe bnd
Composed Endidely Sp
cc

in)Tu. Stoudune qCN Is h

dhamn d, amd
which a s Stangn than he Sp bonds townd
with vey God mecdanical Poopeh es, n7s have
PrDndes cNIs
@nd tu tonile Shength
ung's moduluy os hig o 1.0 TPa
amd Sttfat maeial
them a the SpenJat
GCobhPa Tmuking
n Ecerh Th adito hey have vey low denuiby Jhoyet,
to obtain
CNTS a hu. Spmgeat Khou l and au wed
mechanical tongth
madoial uoith fnhonced
Com poite
iv) Swis have
well
dned dimelon o unm hey an wed
In tu Syntheais on ocd a
0 Stovtw disechg He plads
Vaio maoialy

dadiaico n thu nea-

abcob infoa ned
VSuNCs i n y and Convet 1
to beat, tohich diatiudeed
0 AHov -J1ovnm) .
h i Pwdy ecd h Cm
tnedium
the Sunounding @Uithcuk Bticchný neraiby healty iSsuay
kill cadcn
to SP fivtly
 Bui3-L
31- uhih o the tolecsing metd Can be Pmtckd pem Cososi onb.
amed'3ing ?.
Ang )Alvmini un

92 Elechnde Wed to meoguu PH Soleho 3 7

Anyb)Glays Electovd
used in umleaded Petnl 1,.
3. AnhKn ocking agent
HryHetam ethyi Jea
metal ovea in
metal Called au1
S9 oating otin
Arnuy d)uming
maleauan toeigh Hc to Jow
gSThe Pn cexs o bxaKing high
Maleaul an Caelght is caled os 1
sCzackin9