INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL

SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Miss NOORHIDAYAH ISHAK

 By the end of this chapter student would be
able to:
• Explain the different between materials
science & materials engineering
• List primary classifications of materials and
mention their distinctive properties
• Explain categories of advanced materials
 What are Materials?
• Materials may be defined as substance of which
something is composed or made.
• We obtain materials from earth crust and
atmosphere.
• Examples :-
 Silicon and Iron constitute 27.72 and 5.00
percentage of weight of earths crust
respectively.
 Nitrogen and Oxygen constitute 78.08
and
20.95 percentage of dry air by volume
respectively.

2
Why the Study of Materials is Important
• Production and processing of materials
constitute a large part of our economy.
• Engineers choose materials to suite
design.
• New materials might be needed for
some
new applications.
• Modification of properties might
be
needed for some applications.
3 • Engineers in all discipline should have
 Materials Science vs
Material Engineering
• Materials science deals with basic
knowledge about the internal structure,
properties and processing of materials.
• Materials engineering deals with the
application of knowledge gained by
materials science to convert materials to
products.
Basic
Knowledge
Resultant Applied
Knowledge Knowledge
of of Structure and of Materials
Materials Properties
Materials Science and
Materials Science Materials Engineering
Engineering
4
Types of Materials

POLYMERIC METALLIC

CERAMIC
 METALLIC
 Inorganic substances that composed of one or more
metallic elements and may also contain some nonmetallic
elements.
 Metallic elements:- Iron, Copper, Aluminum, Ni, and
titanium.
 Non metallic elements:-Carbon,Nitrogen,Oxygen
 Metallic element may combine with nonmetallic
elements.
 Example:- Silicon Carbide, Iron Oxide.
 Have crystalline structure.
 Good thermal and electric conductors.

6
 METALLIC (cont.)
Do not Contain or
contain relatively
Nonferrous small amount of
Eg:Copper iron
Aluminum

Ferrous
Eg: Steel,
Contain a Cast
Iron
large Metals
percentag
e of iron and alloys
 Polymeric
Long molecular chains and based on organics
(carbon-containing)
Mostly noncrystalline.
Some are mixtures of crystalline and
noncrystalline regions.
Poor conductors of electricity and
hence used as
insulators.
 Strength and ductility vary greatly.
 Low densities and decomposition
temperatures.
Examples :- Poly vinyl Chloride
(PVC), Polyester
 CERAMICS
Inorganic materials (metallic and nonmetallic)
which chemically bonded together.
Can be crystalline, noncrystalline or mixture of
both.
 High hardness, strength and wear resistance.
Very good insulator. Hence used for furnace lining
for heat treating and melting metals. Other
applications : Abrasives, construction materials,
utensils etc.
Example:- Porcelain, Glass, Silicon nitride.
Types of Materials

ELECTRONIC

COMPOSITE
 COMPOSITE
Mixture of two or more materials.
Consists of a filler material and a binding material.
Materials only bond, will not dissolve in each other.
Mainly two types :-
Fibrous: Fibers in a matrix
Particulate: Particles in a matrix
Matrix can be metals, ceramic or polymer
 Examples :-Fiber Glass ( Reinforcing material in a
polyester or epoxy matrix)Concrete ( Gravels or
steel rods reinforced in cement and sand)
Applications:- Aircraft wings and engine
construction.
 ELECTRONIC
Not Major by volume but very important
for advanced engineering technology.
 Silicon is a common electronic material.
 Its electrical characteristics are changed by
adding impurities.
Examples:- Silicon chips, transistors
Applications :- Computers, Integrated
Circuits, Satellites etc.

12
 Competition Among Materials
• Materials compete with each
Example:-
other to exist in new market 1600 Aluminum
Iron
• Over a period of time usage of 1400 Plastic
different materials changes 1200 Steel
depending on cost and
1000
performance.

lb/Car
800
• New, cheaper or better
600
materials replace the old
materials when there is a 400

breakthrough in technology 200

0
198 1992
5 1997
Model Year

Use of
materials in US automobiles.
13
 Recent Advances and Future Trends
• Smart Materials
 React to environment Stimuli.
 Change their properties by sensing external stimulus.
Examples: Shape memory alloys – used in the
artery stents.

14
 Recent Advances and Future Trends
• Nanomaterials
Smaller than 100 nm
particle size.
Materials have special
properties.
 Very hard and strong
characteristics.
 Research in progress.
Example: Carbon
nanofiber reinforced
plastic: very light but
stronger than metals.
15
THE END