Material Science

Len Bin Annuar Rigos

Mechanical Engineering Dept
 Material Science
SYNOPSIS
MATERIAL SCIENCE provides students
with an understanding of material science
and engineering which emphasizes on
atomic and crystal structure, material
properties and behavior including material
classification and its application in the
engineering field.

The topic also covers the processes of

metal work used to produce engineering
components and apply basic principles of
material testing and processing through
practical.
Summary
(30 LECTURE : 30 PRACTICAL)
TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE

TOPIC 2 MATERIAL STRUCTURE AND BONDING

TOPIC 3 MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOUR

TOPIC 4 SOLID SOLUTION AND EQUILIBRIUM PHASE DIAGRAM

Summary
(30 LECTURE : 30 PRACTICAL)
TOPIC 5 METAL ALLOYS

TOPIC 6 MATERIAL PROCESSING

TOPIC 7 HEAT TREATMENT

TOPIC 8 MATERIAL TESTING

Material Science
• The study of the characteristics and uses of
the various materials, such as metals,
ceramics, and polymers, that are employed
in science and technology.

• Basic knowledge about the internal

structure, properties and processing of
materials.
Fundamentals of materials science

• A material is defined as a substance that is intended

to be used for certain applications.
• The traditional examples of materials are metals,
ceramics and polymers.
• New and advanced materials that are being
developed include semiconductors, nanomaterials,
biomaterials and smart materials.
• The basis of materials science involves studying the
structure of materials, and relating them to their
properties.
• Materials Science involves the study of the
relationships between the structure, properties,
processing, and performance of materials that enable
an engineering function.
• The engineering function can impact industries
involved in electronics, communications, medicine,
manufacturing, energy, and the environment.
Processing Structure Properties Performance
 Fabrication  Atomic/Molecular St. Mechanical Cost
 Metal working  Bond structure Electrical Reliability
 Casting  Crystal Structure Physical Efficiency
Thermal Service Life
...
Melt

SOLIDIFICATION
 Advanced material

• Biomaterials
• Semiconductors
• Nanoengineered materials
• Smart materials
 1. Metals
• Ferrous metals and alloys (irons, carbon steels, alloy
steels, stainless steels, tool and die steels)
• Nonferrous metals and alloys (aluminum, copper,
magnesium, nickel, titanium, precious metals, refractory
metals, super alloys)

• Most things we call metals today are more accurately called

alloys.
• True metals are pure elements, while alloys are blends of
two or more metals that have been melted together.
• Metals are strong, ductile and tough.
• They can be made stronger by alloying and heat treatment.
• Metals are easy to machine with precision.
• Have relatively high melting point, some metal alloys can withstand
temp. up to 2200 C.
• Conduct electricity and heat.
• Metals are vulnerable to corrosion.
2. POLYMERS

• usually based on C and H.

They decompose at moderate
temperatures (100 – 400 C),
and are lightweight. Examples:
plastics rubber.
• They are very large molecular
structures.
• Low density and are not stable
at high temperatures.
• Thermoplastics plastics
• Thermoset plastics
• Elastomers
3. CERAMICS
• Generally hard and brittle
• Generally electrical and thermal insulators
• Traditional ceramics – based on clay (bricks,tiles,
porcelain), glasses.
• ‘’New ceramics” for electronic, computer,
aerospace industries.
(Glasses, Glass ceramics ,Graphite, Diamond)
4. COMPOSITES

• A composite material can be defined as a combination

of two or more materials that results in better properties
than those of the individual components used alone.
• Composites are combinations of materials, which can
be as simple as concrete reinforced with steel.
• Produce new properties that are radically different, and
better, than those in any single material.
(Reinforced plastics, Metal-matrix composites, Ceramic-
matrix composites, Sandwich structures, Concrete)
 Advanced materials

Materials used in "High-Tec" applications, usually designed for

maximum performance, and normally expensive.
Examples are titanium alloys for supersonic airplanes, magnetic
alloys for computer disks, special ceramics for the heat shield of
the space shuttle, etc.
5. ADVANCED MATERIALS

a) Biomaterials
• A material intented to interface with biological systems to evaluate,
treat, or replace any tissue, organ or function of the body.

Some application of biomaterials

• Joint replacement(Hip, knee) -Titanium , Stainless steel, PE

• Dental implant- Titanium, alumina
• Heart valve-Reprocessed tissue, Stainless steel, Carbon
• Contact lens-Silicone-acrylate. Hydrogel
 Skin
Drug Delivery
Devices
Ocular
Polymers implants

Orthopedic Bone
screws/fixation replacements

Heart
valves
Metals Synthetic Ceramics
BIOMATERIALS

Dental Dental Implants

Implants
Semiconductor
Biosensors
Implantable
Materials
Microelectrode
5. ADVANCED MATERIALS

b) Semiconductors
Semiconductors are materials whose electrical
properties lie between Conductors and Insulators.
Ex : Silicon and Germanium
• computers  cell phones  DVD players  TV remotes 
satellites  fiber networks  switches  thermoelectric
generators  lasers  aerospace electronics 
• CD players  televisions  amplifiers  logic circuits 
temperature sensors  calculators  portable computer
drives  digital cameras  etc.
5. ADVANCED MATERIALS

c) Nanoengineered materials
• Nanomaterials are defined as materials with at least one
external dimension in the size range from approximately 1-
100 nanometers.(1-100nm) , (1 nm = 0.000000001 meter)
• Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique
optical, electronic, or mechanical properties.
• Most nanoscale materials are too small to be seen with the
naked eye and even with conventional lab microscopes.
1. Nanotechnology can be used to design pharmaceuticals that can
target specific organs or cells in the body such as cancer cells, and
enhance the effectiveness of therapy.

2. Nanomaterials can also be added to cement, cloth and other

materials to make them stronger and yet lighter.

3. Their size makes them extremely useful in electronics.

4. Removing the finest contaminants from water and air => cleaner
environment and potable water at an affordable cost
5. ADVANCED MATERIALS

c) Smart materials
Material that have one or more properties that can be significantly
altered in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress,
temperature, moisture, pH, electric or magnetic fields.

Piezoelectric- materials that produce a voltage when stress is

applied.
Halocromic- materials that change their color as a result of
changing acidity. One suggested application is for
paints that can change color to indicate corrosion
in the metal underneath them.
Photochromism- is the reversible transformation of colour upon
exposure to light. This phenomenon is illustrated
in sun glasses.
TERM YOU SHOULD REMEMBER
• Material science

• Metals

• Polymers

• Ceramics

• Composites

• Advanced materials
LEN BIN ANNUAR RIGOS
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT