POLITEKNIK SEBERANG PERAI

DJJ3213-MATERIAL SCIENCE
LECTURE 1
Chapter 1-
INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE
AND ENGINEERING
Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this chapter, students
should be able to:
- Explain the fundamental of material science
 History of Materials Science & Engineering
• materials closely connected our culture
• the development and advancement of societies are dependent on the available
materials and their use
• early civilizations designated by level of materials development

• initially natural materials

• develop techniques to produce materials with superior qualities (heat treatments
and addition of other substances)

MATERIALS SELECTION!
 historical overview
• Paleolithic (40,000 to
100,000 yrs ago): Stone
tools and clay pots
• Mesolithic (10,000 to 40,000
yrs ago): Extensive use of
stone tools and clay, stone
statues, ochre (pigment)
• Copper Age (5,000 to 10,000
yrs ago): Copper
ornaments, earthenware,
metal smelting
• Bronze Age (3,000 to 5,000
yrs ago): Bronze
(Cu/Sn),glass, iron smelting
• Iron Age (1000 – 3000 yrs
ago): Carburized Iron,
improved forging, porcelain
• Steel and concrete (100 –
1000 yrs ago)
• Polymers (beginning early
1900s)
• Silicon (60s – )
• The present: Age of bio- and
nanomaterials?
MATERIALS CAN DEFINE THE
SOCIETY
 Why do we study materials?
• applied scientists or engineers must make material choices
• materials selection
– in-service performance
– deterioration
– economics

BUT…really, everyone makes material choices!

aluminum glass plastic
 Fundamental of Material Science
• arrangement of internal components
structure • subatomic
Materials Science • atomic
Investigating the • microscopic
relationship between • macroscopic (bulk)
structure and properties Materials Engineering
of materials. Designing the structure to
achieve specific properties of
characterization materials.
processing
properties
• method of preparing • material characteristic
material • response to external
stimulus
• mechanical, electrical,
performance
thermal, magnetic,
• behavior in a particular
optical, deteriorative
application
Needs for materials (i.e. final performance)
• Microelectronics: ICs, packaging, photoresists...
• Infrastructure: Concrete, metal beams…
• Environmental control: biodegradable polymers,
ion exchange…
• Communication/Information: fiber optics, LEDs…
• Energy: solar cells, batteries…
• Automotive: chassis, engine parts…
• Defense: night vision, light weight/high strength
composites for aircrafts
aircrafts…
• Biotechnology: medical implants, biocompatible
polymers, biosensors…
• Sporting goods: bicycle frames, golf clubs…
and more… (no engineering without materials).
Needs for “future” materials: an example

http://www.intel.com/technology/
mooreslaw/index.htm
http://www.cit.gu.edu.
au/~s55086/qucomp/
gifs/intro.moore2.gif

http://www.cit.gu.edu.
au/~s55086/qucomp/
gifs/intro.moore2.gif

Pentium 4 Processor has 42 000 000 transistors!

42,000,000 DRAM half-pitch of 35 nm will be
needed by 2014.
Nanoscale materials and molecular electronics?

To achieve performance needs, an understanding of

materials’ properties is necessary!
 Properties of materials
Stimulus Response (e.g.)

Mechanical Applied load Deformation

Electrical Electric field Electrical conduction

Magnetic Magnetic field Magnetization

Thermal Heat Heat conduction

Optical Light Reflection, absorption

Deterioration Chemicals Oxidation, corrosion

To obtain desired properties, the material must have the

appropriate structure
 Structure
• Types of atoms.
• Arrangement of atoms/molecules.
– e.g. crystal structure, polymer chain
length,
crosslinking…
• Defects and impurities.
• Grain size.
• Etc…

Structure will depend on processing conditions.

Structure/Processing
Dependent Properties of
Materials: Examples
 Mechanical
Strength versus Structure of Brass
and
Changes in microstructure

Figs. 21 c-d and 22 Callister

 Electrical

• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.

• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
 Classification of Materials
Metals Ceramics & Glasses Polymers
• good conductors of • thermally and • very large molecules
electricity and heat electrically insulating • low density, low weight
• lustrous appearance • resistant to high • maybe extremely
• susceptible to temperatures and harsh flexible
corrosion environments
• strong, but • hard, but brittle
deformable
 Classification of Materials: Advanced Materials

Semiconductors Composites
Biomaterials • consist of more than
• electrical properties
• implanted in human one material type
between conductors
body • designed to display a
and insulators
• compatible with body combination of
• electrical properties
tissues properties of each
can be precisely
controlled component

hip replacement Intel Pentium 4 fiberglass surfboards

 Classification of Materials: Advanced Materials

Nanomaterials are chemical substances or

materials that are manufactured and used at a
very small scale (down to 10,000 times smaller
than the diameter of a human hair).

Nanomaterial product
 Material of The Future
Smart materials are designed materials that
have one or more properties that can be
significantly changed in a controlled fashion by
external stimuli, such as stress, temperature,
moisture, pH, electric or magnetic fields

A smart material is sensitive, adaptive and evolutionary.

They have features that allow it to act as a sensor (detection
signal), an actuator (perform an action on the environment)
or sometimes as a processor (process, compare, store
information
 TYPES OF SMART MATERIAL
Piezoelectric materials are materials that
produce a voltage when stress is applied

pH-sensitive polymers are materials that

change in volume when the pH of the
surrounding medium changes

Magnetic shape memory alloys are materials

that change their shape in response to a
significant change in the magnetic field

Photomechanical materials change shape

under exposure to light.