2.

0 DATA

The Data below show the number of registered contractors for mechanical and
electrical categories according to 10 states in Malaysia in 2018.

176 141 129 207 197 230 215 7 39 19

146 101 126 142 193 169 145 6 17 7

133 71 121 179 133 202 160 2 20 7

54 52 44 47 172 78 80 2 6 1

194 144 139 118 145 177 202 4 34 9

3.0 FREQUENCY TABLE

Construct frequency table by using Sturge’s formula:

I. Number of class, k =1+3.33 log n (n =number of data)

k =1+3.33 log ¿ ¿) (n=50 ¿
k =6.658 ≈ 7
k =7

largest value−smallest value

II. Size of class, c=
number of class , k

230−1
c=
7

c=32.71 ≈ 33

c=33

III. Class interval starting number

¿1
IV. Frequency Table

Class Interval Tally Mark Frequency, f

(Number of Contractors)

1−33 |||| |||| ||| 13

34−66 |||| | 6

67−99 ||| 3

100−132 |||| 5

133−165 |||| |||| 10

166−198 |||| ||| 8

199−231 |||| 5

∑ F=50
V. Complete Frequency Table

Number of Frequency, f Lower Upper Midpoint, x Cumulative

registered Boundary boundary Frequency, cf
contractors

1 – 33 13 0.5 33.5 17 13

34 – 66 6 33.5 66.5 50 19

67 – 99 3 66.5 99.5 83 22

100 – 132 5 99.5 132.5 116 27

133 – 165 10 132.5 165.5 149 37

166 – 198 8 165.5 198.5 182 45

199 – 231 5 198.5 231.5 215 50

4.0 CALCULATION OF CENTRAL TENDENCY(Mean, Median, Mode)

4.1 MEAN

Number of Frequency, f Midpoint, x fx

registered
contractors

1 – 33 13 17 221
34 – 66 6 50 300
67 – 99 3 83 249
100 – 132 5 116 580
133 – 165 10 149 1490
166 – 198 8 182 1456
199 – 231 5 215 1075

∑ f =50 ∑ fx=¿ 5371¿

Σfx
Mean, x=
Σf

5371
x=
50

x=107.42
4.2 MEDIAN, m

Number of registered Frequency, f Lower Cumulative

contractors Boundary frequency, cf
1 – 33 13 0.5 13
34 – 66 6 33.5 19
67 – 99 3 66.5 22
100 – 132 5 99.5 27
133 – 165 10 132.5 37
166 – 198 8 165.5 45
199 – 231 5 198.5 50
∑ f =50

Median, m =
∑f (to find the location median class)
2

50
m=
2

m=25 th (refer to cumulative frequency)

[ ]
n Lm = lower boundary
−F Lm=99.5
Median, m=L + 2 C
m
fm n =total frequency
n 50
=
2 2 F = cumulative frequency before the class

[ ]
50 f m=5 C = size class
−22
m=99.5+
2 33
5 F=22 Fm = frequency of class containing
median.
m=119.3
4.3 MODE, mo

Number of registered Frequency, f Lower Cumulative

contractors Boundary frequency, cf
1 – 33 13 0.5 13
34 – 66 6 33.5 19
67 – 99 3 66.5 22
100 – 132 5 99.5 27
133 – 165 10 132.5 37
166 – 198 8 165.5 45
199 – 231 5 198.5 50

Mode, mo=¿ the highest frequency is 13 (identify modal class / class of mode)

Mode, mo=L mo + [ d1
]
d 1+ d 2
c
Lm= 0.5
Lm=lower boundary of the class containing mode
C=size of class interval
d 1=13−0
d 1=13−0=13 d1=difference between frequency of the class
¿ 13 containing the mode with frequency of the class
d 2=13−6=7 before the mode
d 2=13−6
d2= difference between frequency of the class
m o=0.5+
[
13
13+7
3
] C=7
¿7 containing the mode with frequency of the class after
the mode
mo=21.95
4.4 MEAN DEVIATION, E

Number of registered Frequency, f Midpoint, x fx (|x−x|)f

contractors
1 – 33 13 17 221 1175.46
34 – 66 6 50 300 344.52
67 – 99 3 83 249 73.26
100 – 132 5 116 580 42.9
133 - 165 10 149 1490 415.8
166 – 198 8 182 1456 596.64
199 - 231 5 215 1075 537.9
∑ f =50 ∑ fx=5371 ∑ (|x −x|) f =3186.48

Σfx
i. Mean, x= Σf

5371
x=
50

x=107.42

∑ (| x−x|) f
ii. Mean Deviation, E= x = mean
∑f
x=¿ mid-point

3186.48 ∑ f =sum of frequency

E=
50
 E=63.7296

4.5 VARIANCE, S2

Number of registered Frequency, f Midpoint, x fx (|x−x|)f ( x−x )2 f

contractors
1 – 33 13 17 221 1175.46 106285.0932
34 – 66 6 50 300 344.52 19782.3384
67 – 99 3 83 249 73.26 1789.0092
100 – 132 5 116 580 42.9 368.082
133 - 165 10 149 1490 415.8 17288.964
166 – 198 8 182 1456 596.64 44497.4112
199 - 231 5 215 1075 537.9 57867.282
∑ f =50 ∑ fx=5371 ∑ (|x −x|) f =3186.48∑ ( x−x )2 f =247878.1

∑ ( x−x )2 f x = mean
Variance, S2=
∑f
x=¿ mid-point
∑ f =sum of frequency
2 247878.18
S=
50

2
S =4957.5636

4.6 STANDARD DEVIATION, S

Standard deviation, S= √ variance

 S= √ 4957.5636

S=70.40997@70.41

Number of registered Frequency, f Cumulative

5.0 contractors frequency, cf

1 – 33 13 13
34 – 66 6 19
67 – 99 3 22
100 – 132 5 27
133 - 165 10 37
166 – 198 8 45
199 - 231 5 50
MEASURES OF DISPERSION (Quartiles, Deciles, Percentiles)

5.1 3rd Quartile

Quartile, Q3: L=Lower Boundaries

N=Total of Data
k 3
N= (50) F=Cumulative frequency before
4 4
the class containing the Quartile.
f ¿k =frequency of the class
containing the quartile
C=size of class interval
 ¿ 37.5(observaion at cf )

Number of registered Frequency, f Cumulative

contractors frequency, cf

1 – 33 13 13
34 – 66 6 19
67 – 99 3 22
100 – 132 5 27
133 - 165 10 37
166 – 198 8 45
199 - 231 5 50
∴ L=165.5 , F=37 , f Q 3=8 ,C=33

[ ]
k
N −F
Quartile, Q =L+ 4 c
k
f QK

Q 3=165.5+
[ 37.5−37
8 ]33

Q3=165.5+2.0625

Q3=167.563

5.2 6 th Decile
Decile, D6 :
k 6 L=Lower Boundaries
N= (50)
10 10
N=Total of Data
¿ 30( observaion at cf )
F=Cumulative frequency before
∴ L=132.5 , F=27 , f D 6=10 , C=33 the class containing the Quartile.
f ¿k =frequency of the class
containing the decile.

[ ]
k
N −F C=size of class interval
Decile, D = L+ 10 C
k
f DK

D 6=132.5+
[ 30−27
10 ]33

D6=132.5+ 9.9

D 6=¿142.4

5.3 73rd Percentile

 Number of registered Frequency, f Cumulative
contractors frequency, cf

1 – 33 13 13
34 – 66 6 19
67 – 99 3 22
100 – 132 5 27
133 - 165 10 37
166 – 198 8 45
199 - 231 5 50

Percentile, P73 :
k 73 L=Lower Boundaries
N= (50)
100 100 N=Total of Data
¿ 36.5( observaion at cf ) F=Cumulative frequency before
the class containing the Percentile.
∴ L=132.5 , F=27 , f D 6=10 , C=33
f ¿k =frequency of the class
containing the decile.

[ ]
k C=size of class interval
N −F
Percentile, P =L+ 100 C
k
f pk

P73 =132.5+
[ 36.5−27
10 ]
33

P73 =132.5+31.35

P73 =163.5