METHODS IN

DESCRIBING DATA
DR. SYARIFAH ROHANIAH SYED MAHMOOD
SAPSP, UUM.
 Tables,
charts &
Frequency graphs
Distribution Stem &
Table Leaf plot

Methods in
Describing
Data
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
TABLES
• Present the measurement scale by listing the
measurement categories (X values) in a column from
highest to lowest.
• X: the column heading for scores.
• f: the column heading for frequencies
N=20 Scores of statistics quiz
8, 9, 8, 7, 10, 9, 6, 4, 9, 8,
7, 8, 10, 9, 8, 6, 9, 7, 8, 8

• The highest score=?

• The lowest score= ?
• 1st column: scale of measurement (X values) from 10 to
4.
• 2nd column: frequency associated with each
score.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF
GROUPED DATA
 When there’s huge difference between the highest &
the lowest score, create frequency distribution table
based on class intervals.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF STUDENTS’ MARKS
Score (X) Frequency (f) Score (X) Frequency (f) Score (X) Frequency Score (X) Frequency
(f) (f)

Highest:69 1 57 6 45 7 33 3
68 2 56 14 44 5 32 2
67 1 55 12 43 4 31 2
66 0 54 7 42 5 30 1
65 2 53 7 41 5 29 1
64 4 52 6 40 4 28 1
63 5 51 3 39 3 27 1
62 3 50 7 38 4 26 1
61 1 49 11 37 5 25 1
60 2 48 8 36 4 Lowest:24 3
59 3 47 7 35 2
58 2 46 9 34 1
• 1. Determine number of Intervals
-Law of Struge
-Formula: 1 + 3.3 log (N)
= 1 + 3.3 log (188)
(1 + 3.3 (x) log 188)
= 1 + 3.3 (2.274)
= 1 + 7.504
= 8. 504 ( rounded up to 9)
~ 9 number of intervals.

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2. Determine the Interval Width / Size
~ Formula range  highest score - lowest score
~ range

number of intervals
69 - 24

9
45

9
= 5
~ Interval width: 5

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•3.  Constructing the Class Intervals
•The lowest class interval: consists the smallest score
-A value that can be divided evenly by the interval width
(5)
- (No)
- (Yes)
-The lowest score: 20
-The lowest interval: 20-24 (20, 21, 22, 23, 24): 5 interval
width
• The highest class interval: consists the biggest score
-The biggest score: 69
-The highest interval: 65-69

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 Class
Intervals Frequency (f)

65 - 69 (highest) 6
60 - 64 15

55 - 59 37

50 - 54 30

45 - 49 42

40 - 44 23

35 - 39 20

30 - 34 7

25 - 29 5

20 - 24 (lowest) 3
REAL LIMITS (HAD SEBENAR
KELAS)
Lower real limit: - 0.5.
Upper real limit : + 0.5.
 Class
Intervals Real Limits Frequency (f)

65 - 69 64.5 - 69.5 6
60 - 64 59.5 - 64.5 15

55 - 59 54.5 - 59.5 37

50 - 54 49.5 -54.5 30

45 - 49 44.5 - 49.5 42

40 - 44 39.5 - 44.5 23

35 - 39 34.5 - 39.5 20

30 - 34 29.5 - 34.5 7

25 - 29 24.5 - 29.5 5

20 - 24 19.5 - 24.5 3
Midpoints (Nilai Titik tengah)
class
• Formula
2
• Example: Class 20-24
• 20  24

2
44

2

 22
 Class
Intervals Midpoints Frequency (f)

65 - 69 67 6
60 - 64 62 15

55 - 59 57 37

50 - 54 52 30

45 - 49 47 42

40 - 44 42 23

35 - 39 37 20

30 - 34 32 7

25 - 29 27 5

20 - 24 22 3
Percentage (%) of Frequency (Peratus kekerapan)

• Frequency value converted to percentages based on total number of score (N).

frequency value (f)

Formula = (f/N) * 100  100
total no. of scores (N)

6
 100
188

= 3.19
Percentage of Frequency
Class
Intervals Frequency (f) Percentage of Frequency
6
65 - 69 6 3.19  100
60 - 64 15 7.98 188
55 - 59 37 19.68
15
 100
50 - 54 30 15.96 188
45 - 49 42 22.34

40 - 44 23 12.23

35 - 39 20 10.64
frequency value (f)
30 - 34 7 3.72  100
total no. of scores (N)
25 - 29 5 2.67

20 - 24 3 1.6
Total (N) 188 100
Cumulative Frequency
(Kekerapan Kumulatif: KK)
• Add frequency for each class interval starting from the lowest.
• Total number of cumulative frequency for the highest class is the
same with total number of scores (N).
Cumulative Frequency
Class
Intervals frequency (f) Cumulative frequency

65 - 69 6 188
60 - 64 15 182

55 - 59 37 167

50 - 54 30 130

45 - 49 42 100

40 - 44 23 58

35 - 39 20 35

30 - 34 7 15

25 - 29 5 8

20 - 24 3 3
Total (N) 188    
Percentage of Cumulative Frequency
(Peratus Kekerapan Kumulatif: % KK)
• Add percentage of frequency for each class interval starting from
the lowest.
• Total number of cumulative frequency for the highest class is 100.
 Percentage of
Class Cumulative
Intervals Frequency (f) Percentage of Frequency Frequency

65 - 69 6 3.19 100
60 - 64 15 7.98 96.81

55 - 59 37 19.68 88.83

50 - 54 30 15.96 69.15

45 - 49 42 22.34 53.19

40 - 44 23 12.23 30.85

35 - 39 20 10.64 18.62

30 - 34 7 3.72 7.98

25 - 29 5 2.66 4.26

20 - 24 3 1.6 1.6
N 188 100