Study Guide in CHE 111: CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS Module 5: CHEMISTRY OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

THE CHEMISTRY OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

➢ Historical perspective of materials

➢ What is materials science and engineering?
➢ Classification of Materials
➢ Why study MSE?

Historical Perspective
Materials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of us realize. Materials are substances of
which something is composed or made. Every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by
materials.
The development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members’ ability to produce
and manipulate materials to fill their needs. Early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials
development. Materials “Drive” our Society! Ages of “Man” we survive based on the materials we control.

Stone Age – naturally occurring materials

o
- Special rocks, skins, wood
o Bronze Age
– Casting and forging
o Iron Age
– High Temperature furnaces
o Steel Age
– High Strength Alloys
o Non-Ferrous and Polymer Age
– Aluminum, Titanium and Nickel (superalloys) – aerospace
– Silicon – Information
– Plastics and Composites – food preservation, housing, aerospace and higher
speeds
o Exotic Materials Age
– Nano-Material and bio-Materials – they are coming and then
–
Four Major Components of Material Science and Engineering:
➢ Structure of Materials
➢ Properties of Materials
➢ Processing of Materials
➢ Performance of Materials

Structure
The structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic, atomic,
microscopic, macroscopic.

Property
Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus.
Mechanical, electrical, thermal, Magnetic, optical and deteriorative property.
• Mechanical property- reflects the relationship between a material’s response and deformation to an
applied force or load. Strength, hardness, ductility, stiffness
• Electrical property- refers to the responses of a material to an applied electric field. Electrical
conductivity, dielectric constant
• Thermal property- means the response of a material to the application of heat. Heat capacity, thermal
conductivity
• Magnetic property- demonstrates the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field.
Magnetic moment, magnetic permeability
• Optical property- means a material’s response to exposure to electromagnetic radiation and, in
particular, to visible light. Refraction index, reflectivity
• Deteriorative property- relate to the chemical reactivity of materials.
Processing
It is the different ways for shaping materials into useful components or changing their properties.
Performance

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It is a function of a material’s properties.

Classification of Materials

➢ Metals
– Steel, Cast Iron, Aluminum, Copper, Titanium, many others
– Strong, ductile
– High thermal & electrical conductivity – opaque, reflective.

➢ Polymers
– Plastics, Wood, Cotton (rayon, nylon), “glue”. Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding
sharing of e’s
– Very large molecule structure, chain-like in nature
– Soft, ductile, low strength, low density – thermal & electrical insulators
– Optically translucent or transparent.

➢ Composites
- Composed of two or more individual materials (metals, ceramics, polymers)
- designed to display a combination of the best characteristics of each of the component
materials
– Glass Fiber-reinforced polymers, Carbon Fiber reinforced polymers, Metal Matrix
Composites, etc.

➢ Ceramics
-ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds of metallic & non-metallic elements (Oxides,
nitrides, and carbides)
– Glass, Concrete, Brick, Alumina, Zirconia, SiN, SiC
– Brittle, glassy, hard
– Non-conducting (insulators)
Traditional ceramics
- Primary raw material： clay
Advanced ceramics
-oxides (Al2O3), nitrides (Si3N4), carbides (SiC), and many other materials including
the superconductors
-have a rather dramatic effect on our lives such as in the electronics, computers,
communication, aerospace

➢ Advanced Materials
Materials that are utilized in high-technology applications are sometimes termed advanced materials.
– Semiconductors - Have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical
conductors and insulators.
– Electrical characteristics are extremely sensitive to impurity concentration
– Si, Ge, ZnO

➢ Biomaterials
Employed in components implanted into the human body for replacement of diseased or damaged
body parts.
– do not produce toxic substances
– compatible with body tissues

➢ Materials of the Future

– Smart Materials and Intelligent materials
– Nanotechnology - the manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Dimensions of
these structural entities are on the order of a nanometer. (10-9m).

Why study MSE?

➢ Many an applied scientist or engineer, whether mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical, will at one

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time or another be exposed to a design problem involving materials.

➢ Discovery of additional reserves
➢ The development of new materials having comparable properties with less adverse environmental
impact.
➢ Increased recycling efforts and the development of new recycling technologies. Cradle to grave life
cycle of materials should be considered.

The Materials Selection Process

A materials problem is one of selecting the right material from the many thousands that are available.

1. Determine required Properties

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, deteriorative.
2. Identify candidate Materials
Material: structure, composition, cost.
3. Identify required Processing
Processing: changes structure and overall shape ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping forming,
joining, annealing.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Materials Science
The discipline of investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials.

Materials Engineering
The discipline of designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of
properties based on established structure-property correlation.

Basic Concept of Crystal Structure

Unit Cell
Unit cell is the subdivision of the crystalline lattice that still retains the overall characteristics of the entire
lattice.

Coordination number
It is the number of atoms touching a particular atom or the number of nearest neighbors. It is an indication of
how tightly and efficiently atoms are packed together.

Atomic Packing Factor (APF)

The fraction of space occupied by atoms, assuming that atoms are hard spheres.

𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍

𝑨𝑷𝑭 =
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍

Theoretical Density
- a knowledge of the crystal structure of a metallic solids permits computation of its true density, p, through the
relationship.
𝒏𝑨
𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲, 𝛒 =
𝑽𝒄 𝑵𝑨

where: n- the number of atom associated per unit cell, atoms per unit cell
A- atomic weight, g/mol
Vc- volume cube per unit cell, cubic meter per mol
NA- Avogadro’s number, atoms/ mol

CRYSTAL STRUCTURES
Simple Cubic Structure
Rare due to low packing density (only Po has this structure). Close-packed directions are cube edges.

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Coordination # = 6
1 atom/unit cell: 8 corners atoms x 1/8

Body Centered Cubic Structure

It is a cubic unit cell with atoms located at all eight corners and a single atom at the cube center. ex: Cr, W, Fe
(), Tantalum, Molybdenum

Coordination # = 8
2 atoms/unit cell: 1 center atom + 8 corners atoms x 1/8

Atoms touch each other along cube diagonals.

--Note: All atoms are identical; the center atom is shaded differently only for ease of
viewing.

Face Centered Cubic Structure

It is a unit cell of cubic geometry, with atoms located at each of the corners and the centers of all the cube faces.

--Note: All atoms are identical; the face-centered atoms are shaded differently only for ease of viewing.
Coordination # = 12
4 atoms/unit cell: 6 half atoms + 8 corners atoms x 1/8

The front face atom has 4 corner nearest neighbor atoms surrounding it,
4 face atoms that are in contact from behind
4 other equivalent face atoms residing in the next unit cell to the front.

Hexagonal Close-Packed Structure

The top and bottomfaces of the unit cell consist of six atoms that form regular hexagons and surround a single
atom in the center. Another plane that provides three additional atoms to the unit cell is situated between the top and
bottom planes. ex: Cd, Mg, Ti, Zn

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Coordination # = 12
6 atoms/unit cell = 2 half atoms + 3 whole atoms + 12 1/6 corner atoms.

Atomic Radii and Crystal Structures for 16 Metals

Crystallographic Points, Directions, and Planes

Point Coordinates
The position of any point located within a unit cell may be specified in terms of its coordinates as fractional
multiples of the unit cell edge lengths.

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Find the polar coordinates of the following points.

POINT POLAR
X AXIS Y AXIS Z AXIS
NUMBER COORDINATES
1

Crystallographic Directions
A crystallographic direction is defined as a line directed between two points, or a vector.

Method in identifying crystallographic directions:

For cubic:
• Draw vector, and find the coordinate of the head, h 1,k1,l1 and the tail h2,k2,l2.
• Subtract coordinates of tail from coordinates of head.
• Remove fractions by multiplying by smallest possible factor.
• Enclose in square brackets

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For Hexagonal:
• Draw vector, and find the coordinate of the head, u 1,v1,w1 and the tail u2,v2,w2.
• Subtract coordinates of tail from coordinates of head.
• Remove fractions by multiplying by smallest possible factor.
• Enclose in square brackets

Example:
Within a cubic unit cell, sketch the following directions:

a) [11-1]
z
b) [03-2]
c) [-102]
d) [223]
e) [1-1-1] y

Find the Miller indices for the directions in the cubic unit cell below:

Within a hexagonal unit cell, sketch the following directions:

a) Convert the [111] direction into the four-index system for hexagonal crystals.
b) Draw this direction within a reduced-scale coordinate system

Crystallographic Planes

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Example: Identify the following miller indices

Origin

Unit Cell a1 a2 a3 z
intercept

Reciprocal

R. Value

Miller
Indices

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