1/17/2021

Chapter 1: Introduction to What is Materials Science & Engineering?

Materials Science & Engineering
• Materials science
ISSUES TO ADDRESS... – Investigate relationships between structures and
properties of materials
• What is materials science and engineering? – Design/develop new materials
• Why are materials important?
• Materials engineering
• Why is it important for engineers to understand – Create products from existing materials
materials ? – Develop materials processing techniques

Chapter 1 - 1 Chapter 1 - 2

Why Are Materials Important? Why is it Important for Engineers to

Understand Materials?
• Materials drive advancements in our society
– Stone Age • Products/devices/components that engineers
– Bronze Age design are all made of materials
– Iron Age
• To select appropriate materials and
• What is today’s material age? processing techniques for specific
– Silicon (Electronic Materials) Age? applications engineers must
– Nanomaterials Age? – have knowledge of material properties and
– Polymer Age? – understand the structure-property relationships

Chapter 1 - 3 Chapter 1 - 4

1
 1/17/2021

Relationships Among Processing,

Structure, & Properties
Types of Materials
• Metals:
• Processing (e.g., cooling rate of steel from high – Strong, ductile
temperature) affects structure (microstructure) – High thermal & electrical conductivities
• Structure in turn effects hardness – Opaque, reflective

Structure (d) • Polymers/plastics: compounds of non-metallic elements

Property – Soft, ductile, low strengths, low densities
600
– Low thermal & electrical conductivities
Hardness (BHN)

30 μm
500 (c) – Opaque, translucent or transparent
Data obtained from Figs. 11.31(a) and
11.32 with 4 wt% C composition, and from
400 (b)
(a) Fig. 11.15, Callister & Rethwisch 5e.
Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig. 11.19; • Ceramics: compounds of metallic & non-metallic elements
4 μm
300 (b) Fig. 10.34; (c) Fig. 11.34; and (d) Fig.
11.21, Callister & Rethwisch 5e. (Figures
(oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
30 μm
30 μm 11.19, 11.21, & 11.34 copyright 1971 by United
– Hard, Brittle
200 States Steel Corporation. Figure 10.34 courtesy
of Republic Steel Corporation.)
– Low thermal & electrical conductivities
100
Processing – Opaque, translucent, or transparent
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
Chapter 1 - 5 Chapter 1 - 6

Materials Selection Material Property Types

Engineers often solve materials selection problems.
Properties of materials fall into six categories as
Procedure:
follows:
1. For a Specific Application Determine Required Properties • Mechanical
• Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.
• Electrical
• Thermal
2. From List of Properties Identify Candidate Material(s)
• Magnetic
3. Best Candidate Material Specify Processing technique(s) • Optical
• To provide required set of properties
• To produce component having desired shape and size • Deteriorative
• Example techniques: casting, mechanical forming, welding,
heat treating

Chapter 1 - 7 Chapter 1 - 8

2
 1/17/2021

Mechanical Properties Electrical Properties

Affect of carbon content on the hardness of a Factors that affect electrical resistivity – for copper:
common steel: 6 Fig. 12.8, Callister & Rethwisch 5e.
[Adapted from: J.O. Linde, Ann Physik 5, 219
(1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson,
Fig. 11.31, Callister & Rethwisch 5e. 5 Physics of Solids, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill
[Data taken from Metals Handbook: Heat

Resistivity, ρ
Company, New York, 1970.]
320 Treating, Vol. 4, 9th edition, V. Masseria

(10-8 Ohm-m)
(Managing Editor), 1981. Reproduced by
permission of ASM International, Materials Park,
4
Brinell hardness

OH.]

240 3
2
160
1
80 0
0 0.5 1 wt%C -200 -100 0 T (°C)
• Increasing temperature increases resistivity.
• Increasing carbon content increases hardness of steel. • Increasing impurity content (e.g., Ni) increases resistivity.
• Deformation increases resistivity.
Chapter 1 - 9 Chapter 1 - 10

Thermal Properties Thermal Properties (continued)

Thermal Conductivity – measure of a material’s ability to Highly porous materials are Material used for space
conduct heat poor conductors of heat shuttle
Courtesy of Lockheed Aerospace Ceramics

400
Thermal Conductivity

Courtesy of Lockheed Missiles and Space

300 Fig. 17.4, Callister & Rethwisch 5e.

(W/m-K)

[Adapted from Metals Handbook:

Systems, Sunnyvale, CA

Properties and Selection: Nonferrous

alloys and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H.
200 Baker, (Managing Editor), ASM
International, 1979, p. 315.]
Company, Inc.

100

0
100 μm
0 10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc) • Ceramic Fibers: • Demonstration:
– significant void space – low thermal conductivity
• Increasing impurity content (e.g., Zn in Cu) decreases
– low thermal conductivity of this material
thermal conductivity.
Chapter 1 - 11 Chapter 1 - 12

3
 1/17/2021

Magnetic Properties Optical Properties

• Magnetic Storage: • Magnetic Permeability • The light transmittance of some materials depend on their
-- Recording medium is vs. Composition: structural characteristics:
magnetized by recording -- Adding 3 atomic % Si makes Aluminum oxide Aluminum oxide
Aluminum oxide single
write head. Fe a better recording medium! crystal (high degree of
polycrystalline material polycrystalline
(having many small material having some
perfection)—is optically
Fe+3%Si grains)—is optically porosity—is optically
transparent
translucent opaque
Magnetization

Fe

Specimen preparation, P.A. Lessing

Fig. 18.23, Callister & Rethwisch 5e.
(Courtesy of HGST, a Western Digital Company.)
Magnetic Field
Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and
A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of Engineering
Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9, 1973.
(Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson
Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.)

Chapter 1 - 13 Chapter 1 - 14

Deteriorative Properties Deteriorative Properties (cont.)

• Small cracks formed in steel bar that was simultaneously • For stress-corrosion cracking, rate of crack growth is
stressed and immersed in sea water diminished by heat treating
- Form of stress-corrosion cracking Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W.

“as-received” Hertzberg, "Deformation and

Crack Growth Rate (m/s)

10-8 Fracture Mechanics of Engineering

Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John
Cracks Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original
source: Markus O. Speidel, Brown
“heat treated” Boveri Co.)

10-10

load
For Aluminum alloy 7178 that is stressed while immersed in a
saturated aqueous NaCl solution, crack growth rate is reduced by
Fig. 16.21, Callister & Rethwisch 5e.
(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.) heat treating (160C for 1 h prior to testing).
Chapter 1 - 15 Chapter 1 - 16

4
 1/17/2021

Example of Materials Selection: Materials: Artificial Hip Replacement

Artificial Hip Replacement (cont.)
Hip joint problems can be painful and disabling
• Joint deterioration (loss of cartilage) as one ages
• Anatomy of a • Joint fracture
human hip joint and
adjacent skeletal arrows point to
features ends of fracture line

X-ray of normal hip joint X-ray of fractured hip joint

Chapter 1 - 17 Chapter 1 - 18

Materials: Artificial Hip Replacement Materials: Artificial Hip Replacement

(cont.) (cont.)
Head
• Damaged and diseased hip joints can be • Femoral stem — inserted (Ball)
replaced with artificial ones into top of hip bone (femur)
• Materials requirements for artificial joints • Head (Ball) — affixed to
Liner & Shell
– Biocompatible – minimum rejection by surrounding femoral stem (Acetabular)
body tissues • Shell — attached to pelvis Femoral
– Chemically inert to body fluids Stem
• Liner — into which head fits
– Mechanical strength to support forces generated
– Good lubricity and high wear resistance between Photograph courtesy of
Zimmer, Inc., Warsaw, IN,
articulating surfaces USA.

Chapter 1 - 19 Chapter 1 - 20

5
 1/17/2021

Materials: Artificial Hip Replacement Materials: Artificial Hip

(cont.) Replacement (continued)
• Materials used
- Femoral stem — titanium or CoCrMo alloy Acetabular
shell and liner
- Head (Ball) — CoCrMo alloy or Al2O3 (ceramic) Head
(Ball)
- Shell — titanium alloy
- Liner — polyethylene (polymer) or Al2O3 (ceramic)

Schematic diagram of an X-ray of an implanted

artificial hip artificial hip
Chapter 1 - 21 Chapter 1 - 22

SUMMARY ANNOUNCEMENTS
• Appropriate materials and processing decisions Reading:
require engineers to understand materials and their
properties.
• Materials' properties depend on their structures;
structures are determined by how materials are Core Problems:
processed
• In terms of chemistry the three classifications of
materials are metals, ceramics, and polymers Self-help Problems:
• Most properties of materials fall into the following six
categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic,
optical, and deteriorative.
• An important role of engineers is that of materials
selection.

Chapter 1 - 23 Chapter 1 - 24