BMFG 1213

ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Sem/Session : 1/2022-2023
Week 1
Chapter 1

Title : Introduction to Materials

Science and Engineering

1
 Course Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this subject, students should be able to:

1. Explain the basic concepts of engineering materials in terms of

interatomic bonding and crystal structure
2. Analyze the properties of engineering materials based on its
structure.
3. Describe the processing methods for engineering materials.

2
 Learning Objectives

 To introduce the field of materials science and

engineering

 To introduce the relationship between properties,

structure and processing

 To provide introduction to the classifications of

materials

3
 Chapter Outlines

(1) Historical perspective

Stone bronze iron advanced materials

(2) Materials science & engineering

Processing-structure-properties-performance relation

(3) Classification of materials & application

Based on Types, based on Functions

(4) Future of materials science & engineering

4
 Material is substance consisting elements or
constituents, or mixture of substances that constitutes
an object or which something is composed or can be
made

Look around you…..

5
1. Historical Perspective

6
 Earliest humans – access to only
limited number of materials those
that naturally occur (stone, wood,
clay, skins etc.)

 With time they discovered

techniques for producing materials
that had properties superior to
those of the natural ones (pottery,
metals)

Pottery is made by forming a clay

body into objects and heating them
to high temperatures 7
 BEGINNING OF THE MATERIAL SCIENCE

Stone Age : - began about 2 million years ago

- stone, wood, clay, skins
Bronze Age : - began about 5000 years ago
- is an alloy which is made up of more than one element, copper + <25% of tin
+ other elements
- can be hammered or cast into a variety of shapes, can be made harder by
alloying, corrode only slowly after a surface oxide film forms

Iron Age : - began about 3000 years ago (until today)

- use of iron & steel, a stronger and cheaper material changed drastically
daily life of a common person)
Advanced Materials Age :
- throughout the Iron age many new types of materials have been introduced
(ceramics, semiconductors, polymers, composites…)
- understanding of the relationship among structure, properties, processing
and performance of materials
- intelligent design of new materials 8
 A better understanding of the
structure- composition-
properties relations has lead
to a remarkable progress in
properties of materials

(Example is the dramatic

progress in the strength to
density ratio of materials, that
resulted in a wide variety of
new products, from dental
materials to aerospace
components)

9
2. Materials Science &
Engineering

10
 Materials Science: involves investigating the
relationship that exist between structures, properties
and processing of the materials
 materials science interrelates chemistry, physics, and
engineering

 Implication of learning
materials science:
to make better, more
useful, and more
economical and
efficient “stuff.”

11
Materials Engineering:

 investigating the relationships between structure–property–

processing to design or engineer the structure of a material to
produce a predetermined set of properties (performance
required)
 focuses on how to translate or transform materials into useful
devices or structures
 Use of fundamental and applied knowledge to convert
materials into useful products

12
 Materials Tetrahedron
 In order to tailor materials for different functions, we need to study
the relationship between structure, properties, processing and
performance of the materials.

Structure Arrangement of constituents

strength, ductility,
toughness, stiffness,
corrosion resistance,
intended service creep resistance ,
environment,
reliability, etc
expected service life,
frequency of failure,
remaining life
Properties
assessment,etc

Performance fabrication, accuracy,

surface finish, cost, and
required quality, etc

Processes
13
Interdependency between structure, properties, processing and performance of materials
 Performance

Properties

Structure Processing

14
Figure 1.1 - Application of the Tetrahedron of Materials Science and Engineering
to Sheet Steels for Automotive Chassis
15
 Structure:
- relates to the arrangement of its internal components
- depends on how it is processed

 Subatomic level
 Electronic structure of individual atoms that
defines interaction among atoms (interatomic
bonding)
 Atomic level
 Arrangement of atoms in materials (for the
same atoms can have different properties, e.g.
two forms of carbon: graphite and diamond)
 Microscopic structure
 Arrangement of small grains of material that
can be identified by microscope
 Macroscopic structure
16
 Structural elements that may be viewed with
the naked eye.
17

7-5
 Classification of Materials Based
on Structure
Crystalline The material’s atoms are arranged in a periodic
fashion
Amorphous The arrangement of the material’s atoms does not
have a long-range order
Single crystals Crystalline materials in the form of one crystal

Polycrystalline Crystalline materials with many crystals (crystalline)

or grains
Grain boundaries Regions between individual crystals in a
polycrystalline material
Crystalline Polycrystallin Amorphous
Single
e
crystal

1-
18
Grain A

19
20

9-8
 • The properties of a
material could be
altered by suitable
formulation.
• Formulation: eg. the
addition of other
substances.

Effect of other metal

addition (Tellurium) on
the microstructure of
magnesium alloy
21
22
 Processing:
 Way the materials are made; synthesized, produced and
integrated
 What are the parameters involved (source of energy,
duration, stresses experienced etc)
 will indicate the properties

Hot rolling process

23
Cold rolling process
24
 The properties of a material could be altered by suitable
process.
 Process: eg. heat treatments

Effect of heat treatment process on the microstructure

of metal.
25
PROPERTY

26
 Property:

- is a materials trait in terms of response to a specific

environment and external forces

 Mechanical properties- response to mechanical forces,

strength, etc
 Electrical and magnetic properties- response electrical and
magnetic fields, conductivity, etc
 Thermal properties- are related to transmission of heat and
heat capacity
 Optical properties- include to absorption, transmission and
scattering of light
 Deteriorative- indicate the chemical reactivity of materials

27
28
 Effect of Processing to Property

Ductility is a measure of a material's ability to undergo significant plastic deformation before

rupture, which may be expressed as percent elongation
29

9-16
 Effect of Structure to Property
ELECTRICAL
• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
6
Ni Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister 6e.

at % (Fig. 18.8 adapted from: J.O. Linde,

5 32 Ann Physik 5, 219 (1932); and
+ 3.
Resistivity, 

C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson,

Cu Ni
(10-8 Ohm-m)

Physics of Solids, 2nd edition,

a t% N i
4 6 % McGraw-Hill Company, New York,
+ 2.1 1 2 at 1970.)
Cu + 1.
3 d Cu Resistivity is a measure of
form e % Ni the resistance of a material
2 de 2 a t
.1
+1 to electrical conduction.
Cu
1 e ” Cu
r
“P u
0
-200 -100 0 T (°C)
• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases
30 resistivity.
• Deforming Cu structure with Ni, increases resistivity.
 Effect of Structure to Property
THERMAL • Thermal Conductivity
• Space Shuttle Tiles:
--Silica fiber insulation
offers low heat conduction.
Fig. 19.0, Callister 6e.
(Courtesy of Lockheed
Thermal Conductivity
Missiles and Space
Company, Inc.)
(W/m-K)
Adapted from
Fig. 19.4W, Callister
6e. (Courtesy of
Lockheed Aerospace
Ceramics Systems,
Sunnyvale, CA)
(Note: "W" denotes
fig. is on CD-ROM.)
100m
of Copper:
--It decreases when
you add zinc!
400
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40
Composition (wt%Zinc)
Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 6e.
(Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:
Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys
and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,
(Managing Editor), American Society for
Metals, 1979, p. 315.)
The thermal conductivity
31 of a material is a
measure of its ability to conduct heat. 5
 Effect of Structure to Property
MAGNETIC
• Magnetic Storage: • Magnetic Permeability
--Recording medium vs. Composition:
is magnetized by --Adding 3 atomic % Si
recording head. makes Fe a better
recording medium!

Magnetization
Fe+3%Si

Fe

Fig. 20.23, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

Magnetic properties describe the behavior
of any substance under the influence of a
magnetic field.
Magnetic Field
Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and
A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of
Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9,
1973. Electronically reproduced
32
by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
 Effect of Structure to Property
OPTICAL
The optical properties of a material define how it interacts with light.

• Transmittance:
--Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.
polycrystal: polycrystal:
single crystal low porosity high porosity

Adapted from
Fig. 1.2,
Callister 6e.
(Specimen
preparation,
P.A. Lessing;
33 photo by J.
Telford.)
PERFORMANCE

34
 Performance:
 will be a function of material properties which
determine their reliability and service life
 How it perform their functions?
 How service environment effecting the functions
and life of the materials?

35
 Effect of Service Environment & Processing Parameter to
Performance (Deteriorative)
• Stress & Saltwater...
--causes cracks! • Heat treatment: slows
crack speed in salt water!

crack speed (m/s)

10-8 “as-is”
“held at
160C for 1hr
before testing”
10-10 Alloy 7178 tested in
saturated aqueous NaCl
solution at 23C

Adapted from Fig. 17.0, Callister 6e.
(Fig. 17.0 is from Marine Corrosion, Causes,
and Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
1975.)
increasing load
Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and
Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505,
John Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O.
Speidel, Brown Boveri Co.)

Deterioration, in the context of corrosion, is a loss in the properties of a material by

chemical interaction with the environment
36
Harmful effects of deterioration by corrosion can include: Reduction in metal thickness leading to
8
mechanical/structural failure or breakdown.
 Environmental and Other Effects
 Corrosion
 Metals and polymers react with oxygen or other
gases, particularly at elevated temperatures.
 Metals and ceramics — Disintegrate.
 Polymers and non-oxide ceramics — Oxidize.
 Materials are attacked by corrosive liquids which
leads to premature failure.

 Fatigue
 Components must be designed such that the
load on the material may not be enough to
cause permanent deformation.
 Fatigue failure: When the material is loaded
and unloaded thousands of times small cracks
may begin to develop and materials fail as
these cracks grow.

1-
37
 Effect of Service Temperature to
Performance

Figure 1.7 - Increasing Temperature Normally Reduces the Strength of a

Material 1-
38
 Properties Structure, Processing, & Properties
• Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel
Hardness (d)
600
30m
500 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 10.21(a)
400 (b) and 10.23 with 4wt%C composition,
(a) and from Fig. 11.13 and associated
discussion, Callister 6e.
4m
300 Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
10.10; (b) Fig. 9.27;(c) Fig. 10.24;
30m and (d) Fig. 10.12, Callister 6e.
200 30m

100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (C/s) Processing

• Processing can change structure 39

ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
3. Classification of
Materials & Application

40
Classification of Materials I (Based on Types)

@ Polymers

https://extrudesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Classification-of-
materials-extrudesign.com-002.jpg

41
Classification of Materials II (Based on Functions)
Functional materials are
generally characterized as
those materials which
possess particular native
properties and functions of
their own.

42
 Metals & Application
a) Metals: In general, solid material which is typically
strong and ductile with good electrical and
 Strong, ductile
thermal conductivity (e.g. iron, gold, silver, and
 High thermal & electrical conductivity aluminium, and alloys such as steel).
 Opaque, reflective.

Beverage can: Heat exchanger in petro-

Component of bicycle: chemical plant: Metal & alloy
Aluminum alloy
metallic alloy (high strength) (high temperature,
highly hardenable)
aggressive environment)
43
 Polymers & Application
b) Polymers/plastics:
Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
 Thermal & electrical insulators
 Optically translucent or transparent.
 They decompose at moderate temperatures
(100 – 400 C).
Ski boot.
Wires & cables
A substance or material consisting of
very large molecules, or
macromolecules, composed of many
repeating subunits. Intramolecularly
bonded by covalent bonding.
Modern
telecommunications
44
equipment
 Ceramics & Application
c) Ceramics:
 Brittle, glassy, elastic
 Non-conducting (insulators)
A ceramic is an inorganic non-metallic solid made
up of either metal or non-metal compounds
(oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides) that have
been shaped and then hardened by heating to
high temperatures. In general, they are hard,
corrosion-resistant and brittle.

Ceramic engine : fuel economy,

https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/m9p8j0Zi14s-
efficiency, weight savings and
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4wRuEVR-gbEqR-0gnaWsTnoS-
performance
https://cimg2.ibsrv.net/gimg/www.hdforums.com-
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BI bulletin/2000x1504/img_6843_8d98af9ec43a9e1f12c9ce
c5a6ab3fc0c9a98ecc.jpg

Examples of ceramic materials ranging from household to high performance

combustion engines which utilize both metals and ceramics. 45
 Composites & Application
- a combination of two or more materials (metals, ceramics and
polymers) to form a new one.
- to achieve a combination of properties that is not displayed by any
single material
- In most composites, one type of material will become the base;
called ‘matrix’ and the other material will act as ‘reinforcement’.

46
 Composites & Application

Golf club head and shaft molded of a graphite Polymer

fiber- reinforced epoxy composite. This matrix
composite systems are stronger, stiffer and
lighter than conventional equipment, allowing Carbon
fiber
the golfer to drive the ball farther with greater
control.

Carbon fiber reinforced

polymer47for making side wall
panel of an aircraft
Representative densities of various categories of
1 - materials
48
Figure 1.3 - Representative strengths of various categories
1-
49
of materials
 Electronic Materials & Application
 Also known as Semiconductors: the bonding is
covalent (electrons are shared between atoms).
Their electrical properties depend strongly on
minute proportions of contaminants.
 Examples: Si, Ge, GaAs

 Si wafer for
computer chip
devices 50
 Biomaterials & Application
 Biomaterials: are employed in components implanted into the
human body for replacement of diseased or damaged body
parts.
 These materials must not produce toxic substances and must
be compatible with body tissues.

Example – Hip Implant 51

Adapted from Fig. 22.26, Callister 7e.

Hip Implant
Components of Hip Implant
 fixation agent to hold Ball
acetabular cup
 cup lubrication material
 femoral stem
Acetabular
 fixing agent (“glue”)
Cup and Liner
Key problems to overcome
 must avoid any debris in cup
Femoral
Stem
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph,
Chapter 22, Callister 7e.
52
4. Future of Materials
Science & Engineering

53
Design of materials having specific
desired characteristics directly from
our knowledge of atomic structure.

• Nanomaterials
Miniaturization:
 Use Nanosize or Nanostructured
materials
 Size or structure that has length
scales between 1 and 100
nanometers with unusual
properties.
 Electronic components, materials
for quantum computing, sensor,
new generation diode, flexible
screen, energy storage, etc.

54
• Smart materials: buildings that stabilize themselves in earthquakes…

•Environment-friendly materials: biodegradable or photodegradableplastics, advances in

nuclear waste processing, etc.

• Learning from Nature: shells and biological hard tissue can be as strong as the most
advanced laboratory-produced ceramics, mollusces produce biocompatible adhesives that
we do not know how to reproduce… 55
 Why do this chair
needs different
types of materials
for its structure???

56
 Summary

• Use the right material for the job.

• Understand the relation between properties,

structure, and processing.

• Recognize new design opportunities offered

by materials selection.

57
Inspirational Quotes for Today…

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