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Physics of Materials
P E R T E M U A N K E D U A
“Classification of Materials”

Hayus Rozaqu Listdianto – Noor Dwimarita Zahiroh – Yunita Kristanti Andriani

 WHAT IS MATERIAL?
WHY DO WE STUDY MATERIALS?

A material can be defined as a substance that is intended to be used for certain

applications. Materials are important to mankind because of the benefits that
can be derived from the manipulation of their properties.

In modern society, we are surrounded by a myriad of materials. A materials

problem is one of selecting the right material from the many thousands that
are available.
Metals Polymers

Composites CLASSIFICATION
OF MATERIALS

Ceramics
METALS
• composed of one or more metallic elements and often also nonmetallic elements in
relatively small amounts.
• atoms in metals and their alloys* are arranged in a very orderly manner.
• have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons; this makes metals:
Native copper.
1. extremely good conductors of electricity and heat Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/
2. are not transparent to visible light
3. some of them have desirable magnetic properties (such as Fe, Co, and Ni).

With regard to mechanical characteristics, metals are

• relatively stiff and strong
• ductile
• resistant to fracture
Metals and Crystalline silver.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/ *metal alloy is used in reference to a metallic substance that is composed of two or more elements
TYPES OF METAL ALLOYS
CERAMICS
• are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements
• most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides >> Al2 O3 , SiO2 , SiC, Si3 N4
• have low electrical conductivities
• are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers

With regard to mechanical characteristics, ceramics are

– relatively stiff and strong
– typically very hard
– extremely brittle and highly susceptible to fracture

With regard to optical characteristics, ceramics

– may be transparent, translucent, or opaque
Ceramics and ceramics fractured SEM.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/
– some of the oxide ones exhibit magnetic behavior (e.g. Fe3 O4 )
TYPES OF CERAMICS
POLYMERS
• include the familiar plastic and rubber materials.
• many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon,
Polyethylene molecular structure.
Source: https://www.engstack.com/
hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements.
• have very large molecular structures, often chain-like in nature with a backbone of carbon atoms.
• familiar polymers: polyethylene, nylon, poly(vinyl chloride), polycarbonate, polystyrene, and silicone rubber.

40% • typically have low densities

• many of them are extremely ductile and pliable
• relatively inert chemically and unreactive in a large
number of environments
• their tendency to soften and/or decompose at modest
temperatures
• have low electrical conductivities and are nonmagnetic.
Polycarbonate roof, Styrofoam, and PVC pipes.
Source: https://www.google.com/
TYPES OF POLYMERS

Polymers

Plastics Elastomers Fibers Miscellaneous Advanced

Applications Polymers

Coatings Adhesives Films Foams

COMPOSITES
• composed of two (or more) individual materials.
• goal of a composite is to achieve a combination of
properties that is not displayed by any single material, and
also to incorporate the best characteristics of each of the
component materials.
• one of the most common and familiar composites is
Snowboarding.
fiberglass. Source:
https://olympics.com/

• another of these technologically important materials is the

“carbon fiber-reinforced polymer” (or “CFRP”).

Airbus A350 and fiberglass dome

house.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/
BRIEF COMPARISONS
Density values Stiffness values

Strength values Resistance to fracture

 Piezoelectric Ceramics for Energy
Harvesting System
Energy harvesting is a technology that converts the
energies generated from mechanical, thermal and other effects in
surrounding environment such as vibration, temperature gradient,
etc. into electrical energy. There are basically three types of energy
harvesting mechanisms available for micro-electromechanical
systems (MEMS), i.e., piezoelectric, electromagnetic and
electrostatic transductions. A vibration-based piezoelectric energy
APPLICATIONS harvester consists of a piezoelectric structure to convert ambient
OF MATERIALS vibrations into an (AC) electrical signal, an AC to DC converter, and
a regulator with storage.
A few ceramic materials exhibit the unusual phenomenon
of piezoelectricity and the inverse piezoelectric effect. The energy
collected in a solid substance such as ceramic or crystal in response
to latent heat or mechanical stress. Piezoelectric ceramic materials
like lead zirconate titanate (PZT) [ Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 ] are made from
poly-crystalline ceramics, which are versatile and can easily fit into
specific applications. The others are barium titanade [BaTiO3 ], lead
titanite [PbTiO3 ], and potassium niobate [KNbO3 ].
 PROBLEMS
Pg. 410 No. 11.2
(a) Cite three reasons why ferrous alloys are used so extensively.
(b) Cite three characteristics of ferrous alloys that limit their utilization.
***
(a) Ferrous alloys are used extensively because:
✓ exist in abundant quantities
✓ economical extraction, refining, and fabrication techniques are available
✓ the alloys may be tailored to have a wide range of properties
(a) Disadvantages of ferrous alloys are:
✓ susceptible to corrosion
✓ have a relatively high density
✓ have relatively low electrical conductivities
***
References
Callister, W. D. Jr. 2007, Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, 7th ed. John Wiley and
Sons, New York.
Han H., Ko J. Power-Generation Optimization Based on Piezoelectric Ceramic Deformation for Energy
Harvesting Application with Renewable Energy. Energies. 2021; 14(8):2171.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082171
Nuclear Power. (2022, January 26). What is Material – Definition of Materials. https://www.nuclear-
power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/what-is-material-definition-of-materials/
Sunar, M. 2018. 2.22 Piezoelectric Materials. I. Dincer (Ed.). Comprehensive Energy Systems (pp. 696-
719). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809597-3.00248-0
T H A N K S
Sincerely, Kelompok 4.