KIMIA BAHAN INDUSTRI

(KIM 4601)
(INDUSTRIAL MATERIAL CHEMISTRY)

DR. FAIZATUL SHIMAL MEHAMOD

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MATERIALS REVOLUTION
Roughly materials are grouped according the diagram

• This is a traditional classifications of materials

• Very broad groups but nowadays we have
nanomaterials, smart materials and so on…

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1. METALS
Usually characterized by a well defined crystal
structure. They are bonded together by means of
metallic bonds which maintain an electron cloud which
is crucial for the high electrical and thermal conductivity
characteristic to metals.
• Lustre
• Hardness
• Thermal and electrical conductivity
• Malleability

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2. CERAMIC
Basically amorphous or complex crystalline structure
with strong ionic bonds due to this amorphous nature
they do not have and electron community.
• With the strong ionic bonds between them – a lot of
energy to activate and displace atoms from bonds
hence they are extremely heat resistance.
• Brittleness
• High thermal and electrical resistance
• High resistance to corrosion
• Opaque

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3. POLYMERS
Long chain organic macro-molecules with covalent
bonds. Each molecule is formed from a large number of
unitary molecules known as monomer – bent and
stretched easily.
• In certain polymers some of the molecules cross link
with each other there by increasing the strength
across the molecules.
• Ductile / soft
• Translucency
• Low thermal stability
• Lightweight (but high molecular weight)
• Poor conductor of heat and electricity (except PPV
etc.)
Polyphenylene vinylene – highly ordered crystalline film

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4. COMPOSITES
Macro-physical combinations of different phases where
the aim is to combine beneficial properties of the
constituent materials.
• From two or more constituent materials.
• Metal composites, ceramic composites etc…
• So a very clear and abstract knowledge is needed and
the properties depends on the properties of
constituent materials.

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HOW TO COMPARE MATERIALS?

Physical and
Performance chemical
properties

Composition Processing and

and structure synthesis

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 Now: superior
1. PERFORMANCE performance
with low cost
Houses made of?
• Straw
• Sticks
• Bricks
When wolf huffed and puffed the straw and stick houses
fell down.
✓ In this case brick has the best performance.
But if you live in a country which is close to or even on
a ring of fire region, Which is earthquake, vibrations can
rattle the bricks apart.

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2. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Some physical properties describe how an object
responds to mechanical forces.
• Such as hardness, tough.
• Drag a steel knife blade on plate and chalk.
Which surface will be scratched or break?
• The responds to force depends on the material’s
structure, shape and size.
• A small notebook can be torn easily while a big
telephone book requires much greater force.

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Flexible: easily bend.
example: nylon jacket.
Stiff: hard to bend require more force.
example: polyethylene milk jug.
Elastic: can return to its original shape and size when
the force is removed.
Plastic - the deformation remains.
• Brittle: breaks rather than bending.
• Strong: applied force is unable to deform or break it.
Example: nylon windbreaker

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Sometimes the manner of applying a force makes a
difference to the strength of an object.
• Ceramic can bear a lot of weight but will break if
stretched or bent.
• While nylon survives compression, pulling and
twisting.
Color, texture and reflectivity: can be observed by
shining light on a sample.
Example: mirrors.
Electrical conductivity: detected by applying a voltage
across an object.

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Conduct heat, melting point and boiling point: by
applying heat.
• Some properties are independent of the amount of
sample.
• Is sample is divided in half does the melting point
change?

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Density
Characteristic property of a material and can be a good
way to identify an unknown sample.

Most solids have densities greater than 1.0 g/ml

• But exception to things that floats on water – has a
density less than that.
• A chunk of Al will sink in water but Al foil can be
shaped to an object of greater volume that floats.

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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Describe what chemical reactions are likely to occur.
We can observe how a sample reacts when mixed with
other chemicals.
• Flammable
• Rust (a type of oxidation reaction).
• Dissolve in water or other liquid
Usually a chemical reaction involves a transformation of
the sample into a different substance and may be
difficult to reverse the process.

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3. COMPOSITION & STRUCTURE
Tells what chemicals are in a sample.
• Chemists can change oil into nylon only because they
are composed of the same elements.
Example: Nylon 6 (polyhexamethyleneadipamide 6).
Made from some of the chemicals from crude oil.
Nylon 6 was made to replace nature fiber.

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COMPOSITION & STRUCTURE
• Elements for metallic and polymeric materials do not
overlap – the reason properties of those two classes
are so different.
• The elements found in ceramics are also found in
metals and polymers.

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 4. PROCESSING AND SYNTHESIS
Processing a material could be as simple as hammering
a piece of copper or flaking arrowheads from a piece of
flint (hard rock/mineral quartz).
Sand melted (~2,000°C, Inert/vacum) and formed into glass.
In the arrangement of the silicon and oxygen atoms.
https://www.products.pcc.eu/ms/blog/apakah-sifat-kaca-silikon/

This process is carried out in an electric or flame

furnace, and the molten material is then cooled slowly
silica glass

Silicon wafer

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Purified silicon UV lamps
Raw: high quality mountain crystal
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PROCESSING AND SYNTHESIS
• Iron
ore into iron metal?
• The different processes used to produce cast and
wrought iron result in different ratios of iron and carbon
→ create different properties in the final
objects.

• Synthesis implies a major change in chemical

composition.
• For example polymers are synthesized by “cooking”
mixtures of chemicals.

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LETS DISCUSS MORE EXAMPLES
• Aerospace
• Biomedical
• Electronic materials
• Energy technology and environmental technology
• Magnetic materials
• Structural materials
• Smart materials
• Structural materials
- Based on their function

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AEROSPACE
• Light materials
• NASA’s space shuttle
• Aluminum powder (booster rockets), Aluminum
alloys, plastics, silica (space shuttle tiles).

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BIOMEDICAL
• Hydroxyapatite (bone and teeth)
• Titanium alloys, non magnetic stainless steels,
plastics
- (artificial organs, bone replacements parts and other
components)
• Lead zirconium titanate
- (ultrasonic imaging systems)
• Metallic niobium tin-bases superconductors
- (magnetic resonance imaging)

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ELECTRONIC MATERIALS
• Barium titanate (BaTiO3), tantallum oxide (Ta2O5) –
ceramic capasitor
• Silicon – semiconductors
• Copper and Al
- Conductors in power transmission and microelectronics.

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ENERGY TECH AND ENV. TECH.
• Uranium dioxide and plutonium
- Fuel in nuclear industry
• Zirconia (ZrO2)
- Batteries and fuel cells
• Zeolite
- Catalysts in oil and petroleum industry
• Amorphous silicon
- Solar power

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MAGNETIC MATERIALS
• Magnetic ferrites
- Inductor and components for wireless communication
• Iron
- Transformer cores

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PHOTONIC OR OPTICAL MATERIALS
• Silica
- Optical fibers
• Amorphous silicon
- Solar cell and photovoltaic
• Polymer
- Liquid crystal display

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SMART MATERIALS
• Can sense and respond to an external stimulus
(change in temperature, the application of a stress,
change in humidity, pH, electric , magnetic and
initiate an action).
• Lead zirconium titanate (PZT) and shape memory
alloys.
• Smart vehicle

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STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
• These materials are designed for carrying some types
of stress.
• Steels, concrete and composite (esp for building)

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