Introduction and

overview of
Engineering materials
ENGR 20003 - 2018 – Semester 2
Lecturer & coordinator of the subject
Dr. Rackel SAN NICOLAS
rackel.san@unimelb.edu.au
Lect.2 : Introduction
and overview of
Engineering materials
Part 1

2
 Objectives of lecture 2

Understand:
- Material Classes.
- Processing-Structure-Property Relationships.
Be familiar with:
- Properties, Cost and Other Attributes of Materials.
- Composite Materials
 Materials
Wikipedia definition of materials:
Material is a broad term for a (chemical) substance or mixture of substances that constitute a thing.

What an object is made of.

Usually processed from a more basic raw material (such as ores

to metals) but sometimes not (such as wood).

Processing: changes the material structure.

Fabrication, shaping or forming: producing an object.

Sometimes processing and fabrication are linked or the same,

sometimes different.
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Properties. Behaviour of the material

5
A&J
Processing-Structure-Property Relationships
temperature
Processing time
pressure

composition

Structure Properties
crystallinity mechanical
phases electrical
grain size optical

6
 Processing-Structure-Property Relationships

Examples:

• Ceramic materials strength is influenced by flaw size

• Heat treating influences phases and thus strength of steel

• Processing of tissue scaffolds influences porosity and in turn cell growth

7
 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding

In general the materials can be classified as follows:

Ionic crystal Semiconductors

Covalent materials Biomaterials

Metals & Alloy Natural materials

Ceramic Nanomaterials

Polymer Composites

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 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Ionic crystals
• Ionic bond is formed by transfer of electron
Example: NaCl, MgCl, KCl…

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10
 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Ionic crystals

• Properties:
• Solid crystals have high melting point
• Low thermal conductivity
• Soluble in polar solvent

• Synthesis :
• NaCl is currently produce by evaporation of seas water
• MgCl: Mg(OH)2+HClMgCl +H2O

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 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Ionic crystals

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 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Covalent materials
• Covalent bond involves the sharing of electron pairs
between atoms.
Example: CH4, NO, H2O, diamond, graphite … Graphite
Diamond

13
 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Covalent crystals

• Diamond:
• Highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any bulk
materials
• Carbon atoms FCC (Face Centred Cubic structure)
• Graphite :
• Layered planar structure, hexagonal lattice of carbon atoms

Graphene

14
 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Covalent materials

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 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Metals & Alloy
• Metallic bond is a
sharing of electrons
between many atoms of
a metal element

Alloy is a homogeneous
mixture of two or more
element

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 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Metals & Alloy
Properties:
 Usually ductile
 Strong
 Intermediate to high melting and use temperature
 Subject to corrosion
 Dense
 Conductive

Examples: steel (Fe), aluminium, brass, titanium, copper,

etc
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 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Metals

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 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Ceramics COMPRESSION

Inorganic covalent or ionic bonding .

Properties:
 Brittle
 Strong,
 Very high use and melting temperature
 Resistant to oxidation
 Moderate to low density
 Insulators
Examples: alumina, silicon nitride, glass, concrete, etc

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 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Ceramics Technical Ceramics
 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Ceramics Advanced Ceramics
 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Ceramics Advanced Ceramics

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 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Polymers
Organic covalent bonds (large macromolecules)
Properties
 Ductile or brittle,
 Moderately strong
 Limited to lower temperature use but low melt temperature
makes for easy processing
 Resistant to corrosion but not solvents
 Very low density
 Usually insulators
Examples: polyvinylchloride, polyethylene, epoxy, rubber,
etc.
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 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Polymers

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 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Polymers
PE

PEHD

PEHD PP

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 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding

PMMA PS

PP
PVC

PTFE
Teflon

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 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Semiconductors
Inorganic covalent bonds
Properties
 Brittle
 Moderately weak
 Moderate maximum use temperature
 Moderate density
 Conductive and insulative, (conductivity depends upon T,
impurities and electric field)
Examples: silicon, gallium arsenide, silicon carbide, etc.

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 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Semiconductors
 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Biomaterials

All types of materials may be used in the body

Properties:
 They must be biocompatible or bio degradable
 Examples: ceramic hip balls
titanium hip implants
polyethylene knees
polymeric tissue scaffolds
hydroxyapatite bone putties

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 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Biomaterials
 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Natural materials

Product or physical matter that comes from plants,

animals, or the ground. They can be organic or inorganic
Example:
 Organic: Wood (rattan, bamboo, bark etc.) Natural fiber (silk),
(wool, cotton, flax, hemp, jute, kapok, kenaf, moss, etc.)
 Inorganic: Stone (flint, granite, obsidian, sandstone, sand,
gems, glass, etc.)
 Soil

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 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Natural materials

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 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Nanomaterials

 Materials with features on the

nanometer scale that produce
properties different from bulk
materials.

 Examples: ZnO clear sunscreens,

drug delivery systems, nanosilica in
concrete etc.
 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Composites Contain more than one material
Co/WC cutting tools
Steel belted tyres
metals

polymers ceramics concrete

wood/plywood

fiberglass reinforced epoxy

carbon fiber reinforced polymers

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 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding
Composites
 Classification of Materials
Properties, uses and type of atomic bonding

Semiconductors – Biomaterials –Nanomaterials

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Classification of Materials

A&J
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 Properties of Materials by Class

http://www-
materials.eng.cam.ac.uk/
Ashby mpsite/interactive_charts/
default.html

38
 Properties of Materials by Class

http://www-
materials.eng.cam.ac.uk/
Ashby mpsite/interactive_charts/
default.html

39
Properties of Materials by Class

John 40
Properties of Most Used Materials

John

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 Properties of Most Used Materials
Melting Youngs Yield Fracture % Electrical Magnetic Cost per
Temp. Density Modulus, Poisson Strength UTS Toughness Elongat CTE Resistivity Suscepta kg in 1998
o 0.5 -6 o
Material ( C) (g/cc) E, (GPa) Ratio (MPa) (MPa) (MPam ) ion (10 / C) (W-m) bility (US $) comment
-7
1040 Plain C Steel 1475 7.85 207 0.3 355 520 54 30 11.3 1.6 x 10 F 1.3 Annealed @785C
-7
4340 Alloy Steel 1425 7.85 207 0.3 1620 1760 50-90 12 12.3 2.5 x 10 F 3.3 quench and tempered
-7
304 Stainless Steel 1500 8 193 0.3 515 860 75 10 17.2 7.2 x 10 P 2.2-3.5 austenitic, cold worked
-7
440A Stainless Steel 1500 7.8 200 0.3 1650 1790 75 5 10.2 6.0 x 10 F 4.4-5 martensitic, tempered
-7
G3000 Grey Cast Iron 1125 7.3 100 0.26 b 207 6-20 0 11.4 9.5 x 10 F 1.2-3
-8
6061 Aluminium 625 2.7 69 0.33 276 310 30-60 17 23.6 3.7 x 10 P 4.5-6 heat treated and aged
-8
Copper 1085 8.9 130 0.33 75 220 >100 50-90 17 1.67 x 10 D 4-6
-8
Free Cutting Brass 920 8.5 97 0.34 310 400 30-100 25 20.5 6.6 x 10 D 3.2-4 cold worked
-7
Bearing Bronze 870 8.93 100 0.34 125 240 30-100 20 18 14.4 x 10 D 5-10 sand cast
-7
Titanium 1670 4.51 103 0.34 170 240 30 8.6 4.5 x 10 P 28-65
-7
Ti-6Al-4V 1670 4.43 114 0.34 1103 1172 44-66 10 8.6 17.1 x 10 P 55-130 heat treated and aged
-8
Gold 1060 19.32 77 0.42 0 130 >100 45 14.2 2.35 x 10 D 10,000 annealed
-7
200 Nickel 1460 8.89 204 0.31 148 162 >100 47 13.3 0.95 x 10 F 19-25 annealed
-7
Inconel 625 1330 8.44 207 0.31 517 930 >100 42 12.8 12.9 x 10 F 20-29 annealed
13
99.9% Alumina 2050 3.98 380 0.22 b 300-600 4-6 0 7.4 > 10 D 30->100
9
Silicon Carbide 2500 3.1 350 0.17 b 250-800 3-5 0 4.5 1 - 10 D 250-3000 can be a semiconductor
12
Silicon Nitride 1900 3.3 304 0.28 b 500-1000 4-10 0 3.1 > 10 D 800-4000
10
Zirconia 3% Yttria 2570 6 205 0.31 b 800-1500 4-12 0 9.6 10 D 150-100
10 11
Soda Lime Glass (750) 2.5 69 0.23 b 69 0.75 0 9 10 - 10 D 1.8-2.4
9
Concrete NA 2.4 25-35 0.2 b 37-41 0.2-1.4 0 10-14 10 D 0.04
3
Silicon 1410 2.2 130-190 0.28-0.36 b 80-130 0.8-0.95 0 2.5 2.5 x 10 D 900-2500 E depends upon crystal direction
8
Nitrile Rubber (80) 0.98 0.0034 b 7-24 400-600 235 3.5 x 10 D 8-11
10 13
Epoxy (130-170) 1.1 - 1.4 2.41 b 28-90 0.6 3-6 80-120 10 - 10 D 3-4
15 16
LDPE (85) 0.925 0.17-0.28 9-15 9-31 1-2 100-650 180-400 10 - 10 D 1.2-1.4
15 16
HDPE (115) 0.959 1.08 26-33 26-33 2-5 10-1200 105-200 10 - 10 D 1-1.7
17
Teflon (125) 2.17 0.4 -0.55 0.46 21-35 200-400 125-220 10 D 20-40
14
PVC (100) 1.3 - 1.6 2.4 -4.1 0.38 41-45 41-52 2-4 40-80 90-180 > 10 D 1.4-2.8 D = diamagnetic
P = paramagnetic
(100) means softening temperature b = brittle F = ferromagnetic

Data from Callister and other sources

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Materials Cost

Cost

John

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Energy Content

John

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 CO2 Embodied
Embodied CO2 (kg Embodied CO2 (kg
Material Material
CO2 /kg) CO2 /kg)
Aluminium 12.0 Plastic, PEEK 13.0

Brass 6.25 Plastic, Polycarbonate 5.65

Bronze 5.15 Plastic, Polyethelene 2.05

Cement, Portland 0.90 Plastic, Polypropylene 3.13

Cement Geopolymer 0.15 Plastic, PVC 1.95

Concrete, Portland cement 0.20 Plastic, Polyurethane 4.90

Concrete, Geopolymer cement 0.05 Platinum 9200

Copper 4.46 Silicon Carbide 6.57

Glass 0.78 Stainless Steel 5.10

Inconel 8.52 Steel, Alloy 2.12

Iron 1.02 Steel, Mild 2.49

Lead 2.70 Styrene Butadiene Rubber 3.20

Magnesium 23.6 Tin 2.00

Natural Rubber 1.55 Titanium 40.9

Nickel 8.34 Wood, Hard 0.45

Plastic, Acrylic 3.59 Wood, Soft 0.45

Plastic, Flouropolymers 7.43 Plastic, Nylon Glass-reinforced 7.30

Plastic, Nylon 3.95 Zinc Aluminium Alloy 4.40

http://www.sustainableconcrete.org.uk/PDF/Table%20-%20Embodied%20CO2%20and%20construction%20materials%20version%201.1.pdf
http://www.formulastudent.com/NR/rdonlyres/396754B0-2F13-4FAC-B397-F5E262084CBB/0/FSSustainabilityMaterialsListV12AB07May09.xls
http://www.zeobond.com/env.htm
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 Objectives of lecture 2

Understand:
- Material Classes.
- Processing-Structure-Property Relationships.
Be familiar with:
- Properties, Cost and Other Attributes of Materials.
- Composite Materials
End of Lecture 2
Fun video to watch on amazing materials
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mo1lDsESD90

rackel.san@unimelb.edu.au

Ferromagnetic material
Unimelb