MATERIALS ENGINEERING

MT30001
3-0-0
Offered by:
Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Dept.

Instructors:
Prof. Chandra Sekhar Tiwary (CST)
Prof. Mangal Roy (MR)

1
Instructor’s contact information

Prof. Chandra Sekhar Tiwary (CST)

Email: chandra.tiwary@metal.iitkgp.ac.in

Office: Metallurgical & Materials Engineering

Department, IIT Kharagpur

2
Important things for this course to
be successful
• Attend every class

• Participate

• Do not be late

• Please do not talk among yourself.

3
 Timetable
• Monday: 08:30 am – 10:00 am
• Tuesday: 12:00 pm – 1:00 pm

4
Topics to be covered in the first half of
the course
• Introduction, Materials Classification & Bonding : 3 hrs.
• Structure of crystalline solids: 6 hrs.
• Imperfections in solids + Microstructure: 1 hrs.
• Deformation & Strengthening mechanisms: 3 hrs.
• Phase diagrams & Phase transformations: 3 hrs.
• Visiting research presentation: 3 hrs.

Text Book: W. D. Callister, Jr: Materials Science and Engineering- An

Introduction, John Wiley and Sons, N.Y.
5
 Introduction
• What are different types of Materials?

• What is Materials Science and Engineering?

6
 Interactive Periodic Table

https://www.ptable.com/

7
 Classification of materials
• Three basic types – based on chemical makeup
and atomic bonding
– METALS
– CERAMICS
– POLYMERS
• Combination of two or more of three basic type of
materials
– COMPOSITES
• Materials used in high-technology applications
– ADVANCED MATERIALS (Nano-materials, electronic
materials)
8
What type of materials are these?

Metals 9
 Metals – High end applications

Aerospace and Defence

Space

Mining 10
Periodic Table of Elements: The Metals

11
 Metals & Alloys
• Composed of ? (Metallic (Al/ Fe/ Cu/ Ti/ Ni) and often also
some non-metallic elements (C/ O/ N)) in relatively small amounts
• Alloys: Substance composed of >=2 elements

• Metallic Bond: Valence electrons are detached from atoms,

and spread in an 'electron sea' that "glues" the ions together.

• Characteristics:
• Orderly arrangement of atoms: relatively dense
• Stiff & Strong. Ductile, Resistant to fracture
• Large number of non-localized electrons: High
thermal & electrical conductivity
• Opaque, reflective, shiny if polished.
• Fe, Co, Ni have desirable magnetic properties
12
 High end applications

Mining
Bridge

Aerospace and Defence

Space
Automobile

13
What type of materials are these?

Ceramics 14
Periodic table: ceramic compounds are a combination of one or
more metallic elements (in light color) with one or more
nonmetallic elements (in dark color).

15
 Ceramics
• Compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements:
Oxides, Nitrides, Carbides
• Common ceramic materials: SiO2, Al2O3, SiC, Si3N4,
Traditional ceramics: Glass, Clay (porcelain), Cement
• Ionic Bonding

• Characteristics:
• Stiff & Strong like metals, Very Hard
• Extremely brittle, highly susceptible to fracture
• Insulators to heat and electricity. Resistant to high
temperature and harsh environment
• Opaque/ Translucent/ Transparent
• Some oxide ceramics, like, Fe3O4 exhibit magnetic behavior
16
What type of materials are these?

Polymers 17
Periodic table with the elements associated with
commercial polymers in color

18
 Naturally occurring vs. Synthetic polymer
There are two types of polymers: natural and synthetic

• Natural polymers occur • Made by scientists and

in nature and can be engineers.
extracted.

• They are often water- • Synthetic polymers are

based. derived from petroleum oil,

• Examples: silk, wool, • Examples : nylon,

DNA, cellulose and polyethylene, polyester,
proteins. Teflon, epoxy, synthetic
rubber, PVC, silicone etc.
19
 Polymers
• Plastics, Rubber, Organic compound based on C, H,O, N, Si
• Common polymeric materials: PE, PVC, Nylon, PC, PS, Silicone rubber
• Covalent Bonding: Large molecular structure, Chain like in nature with
backbone of carbon atoms. Hydro-carbons abundant

• Characteristics:
• Low density
• Low stiffness and strength (<metals/ ceramics). However,
specific strength may be high.
• Extremely ductile  good formability to complex shapes
• Insulators to heat and electricity
• Nonmagnetic
• Chemically inert & unreactive to many environments
• Soften or decompose at modest temperatures

20
 Thoughts about these “fundamental” Materials
• Metals:
– Strong, ductile
– high thermal & electrical conductivity
– opaque, reflective.

• Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds of metallic

& non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
– Brittle, glassy, elastic
– non-conducting (insulators)

• Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding  sharing of e’s

– Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
– thermal & electrical insulators
– Optically translucent or transparent.

21
 Container of carbonated beverages
Property requirements:
•Barrier to the passage of CO2
•Non toxic, Non reactive, Recyclable
•Strong
•Inexpensive
•Optically transparent
•Labels on the container
•Light weight
•Fast cool

22
 Metal
•Barrier to the passage of CO2
•Non toxic, Non reactive, Recyclable
•Strong
•Relatively expensive
•Opaque
•Labels on the container
•Light weight
•Fast cool

23
 Glass (Ceramics)
•Barrier to the passage of CO2
•Non toxic, Non reactive, Recyclable
•Strong
•Inexpensive
•Optically transparent
•Cracks and fractures easily
•Heavy

24
 Plastics (Polymers)
•Not much impervious to
the passage of CO2
•Non toxic, Non reactive, Recyclable
•Strong
•Inexpensive
•Optically transparent
•Light weight

25
Composite Materials

26
 Combination of good of both the
worlds: Composite Materials
• Composed of 2 or more individual materials
• Naturally occurring:
• Wood (Cellulose fibers + matrix of lignin),
• Bone (Crystallized mineral platelets (nm thick) + Collagen
as matrix)

• Man made:
• Fiberglass (Glass fibers (strong, stiff but brittle) embedded
in polymeric material (ductile, flexible, less dense but weak))
(GFRC) ,
• Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite (CFRC)
• Used in aerospace application, bicycles, golf-club, tennis
rackets, ski/ snowboards.
27
Composite materials

High Tech sporting

•Golf club
•Tennis rackets
•Skis/ Snowboards
28
 Different types of materials
• Metals • Polymers
– Steel, Cast Iron, – Plastics, Cotton (rayon,
Aluminum, Copper, nylon), “glue”
Titanium, many others • Composites
• Ceramics – Glass Fiber-reinforced
– Glass, Brick, Alumina, polymers, Carbon Fiber-
Zirconia, SiN, SiC reinforced polymers,
Metal Matrix
Composites, Concrete,
Wood, Bone etc.

29
Density

30
Stiffness

31
Strength

32
Fracture Toughness

33
 Advanced Materials
• Materials used in high-tech applications
• High-Tech applications: Space, Aerospace,
Military applications, electronic and computers,
fiber optic systems, lasers, Magnetic information
storage, LCDs

• Traditional materials (metals/ ceramics/ polymers))

with enhanced properties

Semiconductors Biomaterials

Smart materials Nano materials

34
 Advanced Materials - Semiconductors
Semiconductors (examples: Si, Ge, GaAs): intermediate electrical conductivity
• Their conducting properties (depend strongly on minute proportions of
contaminants) -- may be altered in useful ways by the deliberate, controlled
introduction of impurities ("doping") into the crystal structure.

•Their resistance decreases as their temperature increases,

which is behaviour opposite to that of a metal.

•Semiconductor devices can display a range of useful properties such as

– passing current more easily in one direction than the other,
– showing variable resistance, and
– sensitivity to light or heat.

•Hence, devices made from semiconductors can be used for

– amplification
– switching
– energy conversion
Electrical Conductivity

36
 Advanced Materials – Bio materials
Any substance that has been engineered to interact with biological systems
•Must not produce toxic substance
•Must be compatible to body tissues
•Can be any of metals, ceramics, polymers and semiconductors

37
 Advanced Materials – Smart materials
Sense and respond to changes in their environment (Temperature, Electric/ Magnetic
fields)
•Components of smart material (or system) include some type of sensor and an
actuator

• Sensors (Detects Input Signals): Optical fibers, Piezoelectric materials

• Actuators (Performs a responsive or adaptive function):
• Called upon to change shape, position, natural frequency, or mechanical
characteristics in response to change in temperature, electric/ magnetic fields.

Shape memory alloys Piezoelectric ceramics

Magnetostrictive Electro/Magneto-
materials rheological fluids
38
 Shape Memory Alloy
These are metals that, after having been deformed,
revert back to their original shapes when temperature
is changed.
Piezoelectric material
Generates an electric field when stress is aplied and
generates stress when electric field is applied

Magnetostrictive materials
Analogous to Piezoelectric ceramics – under
magnetic field
Electro/ Magneto-rheological fluids
Liquid that experience dramatic change in viscosity
upon the application of electric and magnetic fields. 39
 Demonstration for smart materials
Shape memory alloy:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s62PL5vmfNw

Piezoelectric effect:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LnlSSWv4qTQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nbBAG-848c

Electro-rheological fluid:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOot5wxuxSg

40
 Nano-materials
A set of substances where at least one dimension < 100 nm
Combination of nanomaterials
Nano particles Nano tubes Nano films like bundle of nanofibers,
bundle of nanosheets,etc.

41
 The Scale of Things – Nanometers and More
Things Natural Things Manmade
10-2 m 1 cm
10 mm
Head of a pin
1-2 mm
The Challenge

Ant 1,000,000 nanometers =

~ 5 mm 10-3 m 1 millimeter (mm)

Microwave
MicroElectroMechanical
(MEMS) devices
Dust mite 10 -100 mm wide
200 mm 0.1 mm
10-4 m
100 mm

Microworld
Fly ash
Human hair ~ 10-20 mm
~ 60-120 mm wide
10-5 m 0.01 mm
10 mm
Pollen grain
Red blood cells

Infrared
Red blood cells
(~7-8 mm) Zone plate x-ray “lens”
1,000 nanometers =
10-6 m
Visible
1 micrometer (mm) Outer ring spacing ~35 nm

Fabricate and combine

nanoscale building
blocks to make useful
10-7 m 0.1 mm devices, e.g., a
100 nm photosynthetic reaction
center with integral
Ultraviolet

semiconductor storage.
Nanoworld

Self-assembled,
Nature-inspired structure
10-8 m 0.01 mm Many 10s of nm
~10 nm diameter 10 nm
Nanotube electrode
ATP synthase

10-9 m 1 nanometer (nm) Carbon

buckyball
Soft x-ray

~1 nm
diameter
Carbon nanotube
~1.3 nm diameter
DNA Atoms of silicon Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface
~2-1/2 nm diameter spacing 0.078 nm 10-10 m 0.1 nm
positioned one at a time with an STM tip Office of Basic Energy Sciences
Corral diameter 14 nm Office of Science, U.S. DOE
Version 05-26-06, pmd
 How small is nano?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFQW3XASDbk

43
 Nano-materials
•Unique optical, magnetic, electrical, and other properties due to
(i) Surface effects (high surface to volume ratio , high surface energy);
(ii) Quantum confinement;
(iii) reduced imperfection

the confining dimensions makes energy levels way specific that the material band
gap increases.

44
 Nano-materials
Surface •Metallic nanoparticles -- active catalysts
effect •Chemical sensors from nanoparticles and nanowires enhance
the sensitivity and sensor selectivity

Quantum Energy band structure and charge carrier density can

confinement be modified  modify the electronic and optical
properties
 Quantum dots (very small semiconductor particles, only
several nm in size)
 lasers and light emitting diodes (LED)
 High density information storage

Reduced imperfections
Colloidal quantum dots
irradiated with a UV light.
 Enhanced chemical stability enhanced
Different sized quantum dots Mechanical properties of nanomaterials better
emit different color light due
to quantum confinement. than the bulk materials.
45
 Various applications of nano materials
Sensing and elimination of pollutants -- as catalysts to react
with toxic gases as CO and NOX in automobile catalytic
converters and power generation equipment

Sun screen lotion -- nano- ZnO and TiO2

provide enhanced sun protection factor (SPF)

Reaction rate at nano-aluminum can go so high, that it

is utilized as a solid-fuel in rocket propulsion

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as

electrodes of microbial fuel cell

Nanowires for junctionless transistors

Nano Phosphors for High-Definition TV

As Next-Generation Computer Chips 46

 Summary so far
Classification of materials
•(based on chemical makeup and atomic structure):
Metals, Ceramics, Polymers, Composites

•(based on high technology applications):

Advanced materials: Semiconductors,
Biomaterials, Smart Materials, Nano Materials

Shape memory alloys, Piezoelectric ceramics, Magnetostrictive materials,

Electro/Magneto-rheological fluids

47
What is Materials Science & Engineering?

What does each of these terms mean?

Science: Investigate the relationships

Engineering: Design or engineer the structure of

materials that produce a set of pre-determined
properties

48
 Optical: Transmittance
Polycrystal: Polycrystal:
single crystal low porosity high porosity

49
 Why Study Materials Engineering?
Design problem involving materials:
Transmission gear, Oil refinery component, Aero-
Engine components, Integrated Circuit chips

Select the right material

-In service condition
-Performance over long run
-Cost

Optimization of the properties

Familiarity with the Processing—Structure--Property
relationships and the Processing techniques
 Proficient and Confident in judicious selection of
materials 50
 The Materials Selection Process
1. Pick Application Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.

51
Next Class

52