Part 2.2: Aggregates: Video To Watch

Part 2.
2: Aggregates
Video to watch
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXNvxsFy6U0
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=104&
Content 2/3 v=-jxTeieyqTI
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bd3DFMgW-wU
1
Vocabulary
Cementitious products
Cross sections of concretes Paste
cement + water = paste or grout

paste + fine aggregate (sand) = mortar or render
mortar + coarse aggregate = concrete
2
Aggregates in concrete
Aggregates represent 60% to 70% of the volume of concrete

Aggregate are relatively inert materials (no chemical reaction
expected with the cement paste)
Aggregates have an important influence on concrete properties:
strength, stability with time, workability…
Usual aggregates density: 2200 to 2400 kg/m3
3
Aggregates have 3 main functions in concrete:
1) Stiff and durable: To provide a mass of particles
which are suitable to resist the action of applied
loads & show better durability then cement paste
alone Aggregates
must be of a
2) Cheap: To provide a relatively cheap filler for the good quality
cementing material (cheaper than cement)
3) Stable: To reduce volume changes resulting from

setting & hardening process & from moisture
changes during drying/wetting
4
Source of aggregates
Natural Sands and Gravels
• Stream beds
• Dunes
• Alluvial deposits
• Marine deposits
Crushed Rocks
• Igneous Rocks
• granite gabbro (cooling of molten rock)
• Sedimentary Rocks
• Limestone, Sandstone, shale, coal
• Metamorphic Rocks
• originally sedimentary, but under high pressure and heat they convert similar to
igneous rocks, e.g. slate, quartzite, marble
5
Characteristics of good aggregates
1. Must be chemically inert
2. Free of organic matter (clean)
3. Must have a good grading (particle-size
distribution)
4. Must have good particle shape
5. Must have a low volume of voids
6. Particle surface texture and strength must
afford a good bond plane for the cement
paste
6
Properties/characteristics of aggregates
Grading
Particle Shape and Surface Texture
Density
Water absorption
Strength and Rigidity
Reactivity
7
Grading of aggregates
Identifier
first line
•Second
Identifier first line

line
Second line
8
Properties of aggregates - Grading
Definition of grading
Grading is the distribution of particle sizes in a particular batch of an
aggregate
Strength development of concrete depends on degree of compaction. So,

a satisfactory concrete should be compacted to max density
9
Significance of the grading
Economy
Workability
Strength
Shrinkage
Finishability
10
How to know the grading of aggregates?
Grading is determined by a sieve analysis using wire mesh sieves with square
openings.
The material is sieved through a series of sieves that are placed one above
the other in order of size with the largest sieve at the top.
Aggregates are tested dry
For each sieve size a % of
aggregate are retained and
the rest pass through
11
Sieves analysis
12
The expected findings from sieve analysis are:
Aggregate grading curve

Nominal Maximum Size (NMS)
• Which is the sieve size through which 95% of the aggregate passed was
determined
Fineness Modulus (FM)
• which is obtained by adding the sum of the cumulative percentages by
mass of a sample aggregate retained on each of specific series of sieves
and dividing the sum by 100
13
Sieves analysis
14
Sieve sizes for coarse aggregates

 37.5, 26.5, 13.2, No.4 (4.75mm)
 Coarse aggregate if less than 10% passes No.4 Sieve
Steps of Sieve Analysis
 Weigh the sample.
 Sieve it.
 Weigh and record amounts retained on each size.
15
Sieves analysis
10%
8mm
Sieves analysis
Example of Aggregate
Grading
Sieve size Passing
Max Size of an Aggregate (mm) (%)
37.5 100
 Size of smallest Sieve opening
through which All the aggregate will 26.5 95-100
Pass 13.2 25-60
4.75 0-10
2.36 0-5
17
A good aggregate gradation for a particular concrete is the one that leads to a workable, dense & uniform
concrete.
18
Size
Uniform gradation
19
Permeable concrete
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bd3DFMgW-wU
http://www.koreus.com/video/pervious-concrete.html
•No sand
•One size of aggregate
20
Aggregates Properties - Grading
Continuous gradation
21
Aggregates Properties - Grading
Gap gradation
22
Aggregates Properties
Significant of grading
23
Effect of aggregates sizes
The larger the Nom. Max Size of aggregates. The lower the water content to
produce a given slump.
For normal strength concrete (20 – 50 MPa), the most economical mix would
be one with the largest max size aggregates
Surface area relationship. Min Dimension
M Recommended
Max Nominal
aggregate size
Clear
Should NOT
spacing
S exceed
M/5
2S/3
Clear cover C 24
3C/4
Other important
properties for
aggregates
Identifier
first line
•Second

line
Second line
25
Properties of aggregates - Density
Densities of aggregates
26
Properties of aggregates – Shape and texture
Particles shapes and surface texture
Rough textured, angular, elongated
aggregates require more water to produce
workable concrete than do smooth,
Strong Workable
rounded, compact aggregates.
Better bonds as particles change from

smooth to rough.
Do not use long, blade shaped aggregate

pieces. Increased water demand for a given
slump. 27
Properties of aggregates – chemical activity
The aggregate react with the binder
Most common one is the Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=104&v=-jxTeieyqTI
28
Part 2.3: Water
Video to watch
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUnNQ3WxO-s
Content 2/3
29
Properties of water used in concrete or mixing
water
Drinkable water only !
30
Effects of Impurities in Mixing Water
32
Effects of Impurities in Mixing Water
33
Water in concrete
Role of Water in Concrete Mix
Hydration of cement, which involves concrete’s hardening,
strength and durability
Control fresh concrete workability
The ratio of water-to-cement (w/c) is the most

important parameter in concrete mix design
w/c ranges between 0.3 and 0.6

 w/c = 0.3: High performance concretes (> 60 MPa)
 w/c = 0.6: Low strength concretes (< 20 MPa)
34
Water in concrete
Effect of the water/Cement ratio on Strength
35
Water in concrete
Effect of the water/Cement ratio on Strength
But: Reducing too much the water for a given amount of cement
will lead to a loss of strength and an increase of Porosity:
 Cause not enough water for cement hydration
 An optimum water quantity exists:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUnNQ3WxO-s
36
Water in concrete
Other Problem
 Reducing excessively the water for a given

amount of cement reduces the workability
of fresh concrete
 Less cement paste around the aggregates
“Dry” concrete means short delivery time
to construction site and difficulty to place
the concrete in the framework
37
Part 3: Properties of
concretes
Video to watch
•
Content 3/3
38
Properties of concretes
Two states for concrete
Fresh state Setting Hard state
Workability Strength
(10 to 200MPa)
Durability
FORMULATION
39
Concrete Properties
Strength of concrete
In concrete design and quality control, the
compressive strength is the property
generally specified. This is because,
compared to other properties, testing is
easy.
Furthermore, many properties of

concrete, such as elastic modulus, tensile
strength or capillary porosity are directly
related to the compressive strength and
can therefore be deduced.
40
Concrete Properties
Strength of concrete
compressive strength
• normal strength 20MPa-50MPa
• high strength 50MPa-100MPa
• very high strength >100MPa
tensile strength 2MPa-10MPa
flexural strength
compression >> tension since concrete is brittle material
41
Concrete Properties
Factors affecting strength
42
Concrete Properties
Factors affecting strength
Cold temperatures affect the
strength (cast and cured)
43
How we measure the
compressive strength ?
Identifier
first line
•Second

line
Second line
44
The strength of concretes
Compressive strength test
Compressive strength of concrete is define as the failure load in
compression per unit area
Compressive strength is measured on cubes or cylinders prepared and
tested in a specific manner under standard testing conditions
45
The Strength of Concrete
Standard Compression test:
Ends of the specimens must be plane & parallel – Sulphur capping is used or
alternatively ends grinding
46
The Strength of Concrete
47
Service life of
concretes?
Identifier
first line
•Second

line
Second line
48
Durability of concretes
Corrosion of steel
49
Protection methods for corrosion of steel
Proper cover of at least 50 mm
lower w/c
denser concrete
avoid using chlorides
Permeability of concrete – effect of water to cement ratio
Permeability of cement paste is affected by:
• Composition of cement
• The fineness of cement Coefficient of Permeability
• Curing process (10-14m/s)
• W/C ratio of the paste
W/C ratio Duration of moist Curing
0.4 3
0.45 7
Water/
0.5 14
Cement ratio
0.6 6 months
0.7 1 year 0.2 0.4 0.6
Moist curing required to achieve capillary discontinuity

51
Durability issues
Corrosion due to carbonation Corrosion due to chloride Alkali reaction with aggregates
Durability of Concrete
Creep of concrete
Creep in Concrete
Creep
Water
53
Test method for creep
54

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Part 2.

Cross sections of concretes Paste

cement + water = paste or grout

Aggregates represent 60% to 70% of the volume of concrete

3) Stable: To reduce volume changes resulting from

Identifier first line

Strength development of concrete depends on degree of compaction. So,

Aggregate grading curve

Sieve sizes for coarse aggregates

Identifier first line

Better bonds as particles change from

Do not use long, blade shaped aggregate

Drinkable water only !

The ratio of water-to-cement (w/c) is the most

w/c ranges between 0.3 and 0.6

 Reducing excessively the water for a given

Furthermore, many properties of

Identifier first line

Identifier first line

Moist curing required to achieve capillary discontinuity

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