Different types of

Materials
PRESENTED BY ANANYA SRI A
Material
• A material is a substance or mixture of substances that constitutes an
object. Materials can be pure or impure, living or non-living matter.
Materials can be classified based on their physical and chemical
properties, or on their geological origin or biological function.
• Material science is the study of materials and their applications.
• Raw materials can be processed in different ways to influence their
properties, by purification, shaping or the introduction of other
materials. New materials can be produced from raw materials
by synthesis.
• In industry, materials are inputs to manufacturing processes to
produce products or more complex materials.
Types of Materials based on internal
structure
• Metals
• Ceramics
• Bio materials
• Polymers
• Composites
• Advanced Materials
Metals
Metal, any of a class of substances characterized
by high electrical and thermal conductivity as
well as by malleability, ductility, and high
reflectivity of light.
Approximately three-quarters of all known
chemical elements are metals. The most
abundant varieties in the Earth’s crust
are aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium,
and magnesium. The vast majority of metals are
found in ores (mineral-bearing substances), but a
few such as copper, gold, platinum,
and silver frequently occur in the free state
because they do not readily react with other
elements.
 Properties of Metals
• Solid
• Metallic luster.
• Electrical conductivity.
• Thermal conductivity.
• Malleability and ductility.
• High melting point.
• Hardness.
• High strength.
• High density.
• Note: There are some exceptions in metals which do not have the above properties like Mercury is not solid.
Applications of metals
• Metals are usually very strong, most durable and highly resistant to
everyday wear and tear. As such, they have been used since ancient times
for a lot of things. And even today with advances in technology and a lot of
other things the uses of metals have broadened greatly. Metals even play a
key role in the economy.
• In the Construction Industry
• In electronics
• In medicine
• Machinery, Refractory and Automobiles
• Decorative products
• Other Uses
Advantages and disadvantages of metals
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

• Impermeable to light • Expensive to purchase

• Rigid • React to certain chemicals

• Lustrous • Expensive to extract from the

earth
• Malleable and ductile (can be • Expensive in manufacturing
made into desired shapes) things from metals.
• High strength • Corrosion
 Examples

Aluminum
Copper

Nickel

Titanium Bronze
Ceramics
A ceramic is an inorganic non-metallic solid made up of
either metal or non-metal compounds that have been
shaped and then hardened by heating to high
temperatures. In general, they are hard, corrosion-
resistant and brittle.
'Ceramic' comes from the Greek word meaning
‘pottery’. The clay-based domestic wares, art objects
and building products are familiar to us all, but pottery
is just one part of the ceramic world.
Nowadays the term ‘ceramic’ has a more expansive
meaning and includes materials like glass, advanced
ceramics and some cement systems as well.
Properties of ceramics
• High hardness
• High melting point
• Good Thermal insulator
• Highly electricity resistance
• Low mass density
• Generally, chemically inert
• Brittle in nature
• Zero ductility
• Low tensile strength
Applications of ceramics
• They are used in space industry because of their low weight
• They are used as cutting tools
• They are used as refractory materials
• They are used as thermal insulator
• They are used as electrical insulator
Advantages and disadvantages of ceramics
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

• Most of them have high hardness hence they are
used as abrasive powder and cutting tools
• They have high melting point which makes them
excellent refractory material
• They are brittle in nature
• They have almost zero ductility
• They have poor tensile strength

• They are good thermal insulators this is another • The show a wide range in the variation of strength,
reason to use them as refractory material even for the identical specimens

• They are high electric resistivity which makes them • They are difficult to shape and machine
suitable to be used an insulator

• They have low mass density which results in

lightweight components

• They are generally chemically inert which makes

them durable
 Examples

Cement
Glass

Bricks Graphite

Tiles Diamond Pottery Porcelain

Polymers
A polymer is a large molecule or a
macromolecule which essentially is a
combination of many subunits. The term
polymer in Greek means ‘many parts’.
Polymers can be found all around us.
From the strand of our DNA which is a
naturally occurring biopolymer to
polypropylene which is used throughout
the world as plastic.
Polymers may be naturally found in plants
and animals (natural polymers) or may
be man-made (synthetic polymers).
Different polymers have a number of
unique physical and chemical properties
due to which they find usage in everyday
life.
Properties of polymers
Physical Properties

• As chain length and cross-linking increases the tensile strength of the polymer increases.

• Polymers do not melt, they change state from crystalline to semi-crystalline.

Chemical Properties

• Compared to conventional molecules with different side molecules, the polymer is enabled with hydrogen
bonding and ionic bonding resulting in better cross-linking strength.

• Dipole-dipole bonding side chains enable the polymer for high flexibility.

• Polymers with Van der Waals forces linking chains are known to be weak, but give the polymer a low
melting point.

Optical Properties

• Due to their ability to change their refractive index with temperature as in the case of PMMA and HEMA:
MMA, they are used in lasers for applications in spectroscopy and analytical applications.
Applications of polymers
• Polypropene finds usage in a broad range of industries such as textiles, packaging, stationery,
plastics, aircraft, construction, rope, toys, etc.
• Polystyrene is one of the most common plastic, actively used in the packaging industry. Bottles,
toys, containers, trays, disposable glasses and plates, tv cabinets and lids are some of the daily-
used products made up of polystyrene. It is also used as an insulator.
• The most important use of polyvinyl chloride is the manufacture of sewage pipes. It is also used as
an insulator in the electric cables.
• Polyvinyl chloride is used in clothing and furniture and has recently become popular for the
construction of doors and windows as well. It is also used in vinyl flooring.
• Urea-formaldehyde resins are used for making adhesives, moulds, laminated sheets, unbreakable
containers, etc.
• Glyptal is used for making paints, coatings, and lacquers.
• Bakelite is used for making electrical switches, kitchen products, toys, jewellery, firearms,
insulators, computer discs, etc
Advantages and disadvantages of polymers
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Polymers are more resistant to chemicals than their metal
counterparts.
• Cannot withstand very high temperature as all plastics
• Polymer parts do not require post-treatment finishing melt down very soon as compared to metals.
efforts, unlike metal.
• The strength to size ratio of polymer is less while for
• Polymer and composite materials are up to ten times metals is more.
lighter than typical metals.

• Polymer materials handle far better than metals in • Cannot be machined easily and limited speed for
chemically harsh environments. This increases the lifespan machining for it.
of the aircraft and avoids costly repairs brought about by
corroding metal components
• Heat capacity of polymer is very less so cannot be used
• Polymers are naturally radar absorbent as well as thermally in heat applications.
and electrically insulating.

• In medical Facilities polymer and composite materials are

• Heavy structure cannot be made by polymer as the
easier to clean and sterilize than metal. structural rigidity is very less.

• Polymer materials allow the oil and gas industry to explore • The disposal becomes an issue as some polymer
deeper depths than ever before by offering tool weight cannot be recycled but all metals can be recycled.
reduction without a loss of strength as well as materials
which offer superior sealing.
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Composites
A composite material (also called
a composition material or shortened
to composite, which is the common name) is a
material made from two or more constituent
materials with significantly
different physical or chemical properties that,
when combined, produce a material with
characteristics different from the individual
components. The individual components
remain separate and distinct within the
finished structure, differentiating composites
from mixtures and solid solutions.
The new material may be preferred for many
reasons. Common exam include materials
which are stronger, lighter, or less expensive
when compared to traditional materials.
Properties of composites
• Specific strength-This is simply the rigidity or hardness of a material with regard to
its weight. For example, a number of composites such as fiberglass share
comparable impact resistance (bangability) with steel and titanium at a fraction of
the weight employed.
• Expense-Many composites can be manufactured with less cost than their
traditional metal counterparts.
• Application-Because composites are composed of 2 or more "phases", they can be
formulated to meet the needs of a specific application with considerable ease.
• Processability-As most of you know, metal processing requires high amounts of
thermal energy (heat). Plastics and plastic based composites require less heat to
mold or process the products. There is a constant desire to produce composites
which can be processed at low temperatures but when cured or set-up (paint drying
or a mold cooling), they are very impact resistant and very heat resistant or fire
retardant.
Applications of composites
Composite materials are generally used for
• Buildings, bridges and structures such as boat hulls
• swimming pool panels
• racing car bodies
• shower stalls, bathtubs, storage tanks
• imitation granite and cultured marble sinks and countertops.
• The most advanced examples perform routinely
on spacecraft and aircraft in demanding environments.
Advantages and disadvantages of
composites
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

• resistance to chemicals • High recurring costs.

• electrical insulating properties • They are higher non recurring

costs.
• thermal insulating properties
• They have higher material costs.
• high strength-to-weight ratio
• They have very expensive repairs
• high fatigue resistance and maintenance.

• high impact strength • They need isolation to prevent

adjacent aluminum part galvanic
corrosion.
 Examples

CRP Concrete

Fiber Glass Wood Plywood

 Bio Materials
A biomaterial is any substance that has been
engineered to interact with biological systems for a
medical purpose - either a therapeutic (treat, augment,
repair or replace a tissue function of the body) or a
diagnostic one. As a science, biomaterials is about fifty
years old. The study of biomaterials is
called biomaterials science or biomaterials
engineering. It has experienced steady and strong
growth over its history, with many companies investing
large amounts of money into the development of new
products. Biomaterials science encompasses elements
of medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue
engineering and materials science.
Note that a biomaterial is different from a biological
material, such as bone, that is produced by a biological
system. Additionally, care should be exercised in
defining a biomaterial as biocompatible, since it is
application-specific. A biomaterial that is biocompatible
or suitable for one application may not be
biocompatible in another.
Properties of Bio Materials
• Bio compatible
• Bio functional
• Can be sterilized
• Bio inert
• Bio active
Applications of Bio Materials
Doctors, researchers, and bioengineers use biomaterials for the following broad range of applications:

• Medical implants, including heart valves, stents, and grafts; artificial joints, ligaments, and tendons; hearing
loss implants; dental implants; and devices that stimulate nerves.

• Methods to promote healing of human tissues, including sutures, clips, and staples for wound closure, and
dissolvable dressings.

• Regenerated human tissues, using a combination of biomaterial supports or scaffolds, cells, and bioactive
molecules. Examples include a bone regenerating hydrogel and a lab-grown human bladder.

• Molecular probes and nano particles that break through biological barriers and aid in cancer imaging and
therapy at the molecular level.

• Biosensors to detect the presence and amount of specific substances and to transmit that data. Examples
are blood glucose monitoring devices and brain activity sensors.

• Drug-delivery systems that carry and/or apply drugs to a disease target. Examples include drug-coated
vascular stents and implantable chemotherapy wafers for cancer patients.
Advantages and disadvantages of Bio
Materials
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

• Bio mimetic • More immunogenic

• More biocompatibility • Structural Complexity
• Capability of designing • Mostly degraded by enzymes
biomaterials which function at
molecular level
• Controlled
 Examples

Orthopedic implants

Various types of bio materials used in

cardiovascular products

Contact lenses Bone Plates

Advanced
Materials
Advanced materials can be defined
in many ways. The broadest
definition is to refer to all materials
that represent advances over the
traditional materials that have been
used for hundreds or even
thousands of years.
From this perspective, advanced
materials refer to all new materials
and modifications to existing
materials to obtain superior
performance in one or more
characteristics that are critical for
the application under
consideration.
Conclusion
• Material science is the study of behavior and properties of different
kinds of materials like steel, aluminum, ceramics, composite
materials etc.
• Engineering fields like civil, mechanical and automobile should know
about material science to built and design different kinds of
structures ,machines, automobiles without any problem and for long
time usage.
• So, studying different types of materials is very important technically
and for the progress of several industries.
Thank you