Plastic Shaping

Prof. S.S. Mane

SY B. Tech Mechanical
 Plastic Shaping
• Thermosetting and Thermoplastic materials
• Comparison with other materials, their
properties and applications
• Shaping of plastics: Casting, blow molding,
compression molding, transfer molding,
injection moulding, extrusion, calendaring and
thermo forming, rotational molding, foam
molding, Machining of plastics
Plastics – the History
“It is now 150 years since
plastic was first made”!!!
 Definition/ Introduction
• Plastics are generally referred to as polymeric materials.
• Poly stands for many and mer stands for parts. Thus
polymer is an organic material with repeating molecular
units called as mers, that can be shaped by casting,
sintering or melt process.
• Majority of materials for daily use such as skin, clothes,
paper, hair paint, vessels/ containers, glue, starch, sports
and entertainment goods etc are made of polymers
• Recently the advent of better quality polymers their usage
has been extended to engineering components as well.
• Thus polymers are now an important engineering material
 Definition/ Introduction
• Plastics and polymers are Engineering materials which are
Organic and Non- metallic.
• They are long chain molecules from which plastics are made.
Plastics are polymers that have been shaped by some process in
a softened state
• Many plastics are isomers with some elementary compositions.
• Polymers comprise of many monomers joined together to
form a large molecule of colloidal dimension called
Macromolecule.
• Unique feature of polymers is that each molecule is a long
chain or network of repeating units all covalently bonded
together.
• These molecules are then held together by secondary bonds
called Van- der -wal or Hydrogen bonds.
 Definition/ Introduction
• Polymers are however molecular materials and are
non crystalline solids at room temperature.
• The most common polymers are compounds of
carbon but polymers can also be made of inorganic
chemicals such as silicates and silicones.
• Naturally occurring polymers include proteins ,
cellulose, resins, starch, lignin etc.
• Synthetic polymers like Polystyrene, nylon, terylene,
decron ( termed as plastics), fibers and elastomers
possess properties superior to naturally occurring
counterparts.
Size of polymer and polymerization
• The size of polymer is designated by D.P
or degree of polymerization. It refers to
repeated number of units in the chain.
• At a D.P value of 10-20 per molecule the
substance formed is light oil- Ex. Paraffin
from Ethylene.
• As D.P increases the substance becomes
greasy, then waxy and finally when D.P is
about 1000 the substance becomes solid
and is then a true polymer. Ex.
Polyethylene has D.P of 1000.
• The first high polymer was a hard plastic
called Bakelite (Phenol+ Formaldehyde)
 Polymerization
• There are two basic types of polymerization
– Addition polymerization
– Condensation polymerization
• The bonds created by these polymerization processes are
strong covalent bonds.
• Addition Polymerization: Also called linear polymerization It
takes place when similar monomers join to form a chain.
Copolymerization takes place when two or more different
kinds of monomers are combined Ex. Polyethylene and
polyvinyl chloride of alternate linearity in one chain.
• In Add. Poly. There are no links between or across the
chains. Such polymers are termed Thermoplastics because
they become soft and malleable with increase in
temperature.
 Polymerization
• Condensation Polymerization: Usually has a by product (water)
and is a process capable of forming primary bonds between or
across chains. i.e. chains and are also cross linked.
• These polymers are very rigid and constitute a family of polymers
known as Thermo-sets.
• Though thermoplastics do not have primary bond links, there are
van-der-wal attractions between the adjacent chains of these large
molecules. On heating these chains disappear and is one of the
reasons why these polymers are thermoplastic.
• Thermoplastics can be injection molded and therefore
have faster cycling time while thermo-sets can only be
compression or transfer molded & have slower cycle
time.
 Two Types of Plastics
1. Thermoplastics
– Chemical structure remains unchanged during
heating and shaping
– More important commercially, comprising more
than 70% of total plastics tonnage
2. Thermosets
– Undergo a curing process during heating and
shaping, causing a permanent change (called
cross-linking) in molecular structure
– Once cured, they cannot be re-melted
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 Polymer Properties
• They have properties which are quite unusual as
compared with metals, ceramics and composites.
– They have very high Coefficient Of Thermal
Expansion (10 times greater).
– Steels are 30 times stiffer than stiffest unreinforced
polymers. (Modulus of elasticity)
– Plastic burn and sometimes give toxic fumes in the
process- Flammability and toxicity
– Plastics can deteriorate by ageing, by exposure to
sunlight and by atmosphere- induced cracking
(environmental resistance).
– Plastics are lighter than metals (density)
– Plastics are electrical insulators- (electrical resistivity,
dielectric constant).
– Plastics have poor conductors of heat (thermal
conductivity)
– The upper usable temp. for most plastics is < 2600 c (heat
deflection temperature)
– Plastics are soft (penetration hardness). The hardest
plastic is softer than softest steel.
– Plastics can’t resist impact like metals ( Low Impact
strength).
– Plastics may permanently deform in use (Low creep
strength).
– Plastics may fail under sustained load (Low stress rupture
strength.)
– Plastics are not as strong as metals (T.S/ Y.S/ shear
strength)
– Plastics may fail under cyclic loading (Low Fatigue
strength)
– Plastics absorb moisture from the environment due
to which their shape , size and properties are
affected.
– Plastics in general can not be shaped by cold forming
processes that apply most to metallic materials
(resistance to plastic deformation)
– Plastics can’t be formed close to dimensional
tolerances that are common in metals and are
difficult to machine. (Machinability and stability).
• Despite the unusual properties plastics are used for
different Engineering applications. These property
shortfalls must however dealt with in design.
• The properties due to which plastics are being
increasingly preferred are,
– Low material and processing cost.
– They do not need to be painted, the color can be free and
exists throught the cross section of material.
– They can be easily made in cosmetically pleasing colors &
texturing in forming process.
– They are generally processed to get net shapes or near net
shapes. Secondary operations like trimming/ machining
are not required.
– They do not rust.
• However there could be exceptions to these
advantageous properties.
• Selection of plastics is done similar the way
metals are selected.
• The desired properties are listed and
properties of candidate materials are
compared to find a match.
 Processing Details
• Blow Molding Techniques

• Extrusion
[hose and tubing, belts, rope and cable
covers, sheeting and films]

• Foaming Techniques
Foam molding offers the possibility of
increasing the size of a part without
increasing weight and reducing the
weight of a part with controlled change
of properties. Chemical foaming involves
mixing a chemical blowing agent with
pellets prior to the pellets being fed into
the feed throat of the molding machine.

• Injection Molding
Most engineering thermoplastic parts
are fabricated by injection molding.
 Plastic Products
• Plastics can be shaped into a wide variety
of products:
– Molded parts
– Extruded sections
– Films
– Sheets
– Insulation coatings on electrical wires
– Fibers for textiles
 Why Plastic Shaping Processes are
Important
• Almost unlimited variety of part geometries
• Plastic molding is a net shape process; further
shaping is not needed
• Less energy is required than for metals
because processing temperatures are much
lower
– Handling of product is simplified during
production because of lower temperatures
• Painting or plating is usually not required
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 Classification of Plastics Shaping
Processes by Product Geometry
• Extruded products with constant cross-section
• Continuous sheets and films
• Continuous filaments (fibers)
• Molded parts which are mostly solid
• Hollow molded parts with relatively thin walls
• Discrete parts made of formed sheets and films
• Castings
• Foamed products
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 General Characteristics of Forming and Shaping Processes for Plastics
Process Characteristics
Extrusion Continuous solid, hollow or complex cross sections , high production
rates, low tooling costs, wide tolerances
Injection molding Complex shapes of various sizes, thin walls, very high production
rates, costly tooling, Good dimensional accuracy.
Structural foam Large parts with high stiffness to weight ratio, less expensive tooling
molding than injection molding, low production rates
Blow molding Hollow thin walled parts, bottles of various sizes, high production
rates, relatively low tooling cost
Rotational Large hollow items of simple shape, relatively low tooling costs,
Molding relatively low production rates
Thermo Forming Shallow- Deep cavities, low tooling costs, medium production rates
Compression Parts similar to impression die forging , expensive tooling, medium
molding production rates.
Transfer molding More complex parts than Compression molding, higher production
rates, higher tooling cost. Some scrap loss.
Casting Simple and complex parts can be made with rigid and or flexible low
cost molds, low production rates.
 SY B. Tech B Div 11/10/18- 9.00-10.00
101, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17,
19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35,
36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,
50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61,
62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71
 Additives for Plastics

 Fillers
 Pigments
 Stabilizers
 Antistatic Agents
 Flame Retardants
 Plasticizers
 Reinforcements
 Catalysts
 Polymer Additives
Improve mechanical properties, processing, durability.
• Fillers - Added to improve tensile strength & abrasion
resistance, toughness & decrease cost. Examples: carbon black,
silica gel, wood flour, glass, limestone, talc.
• Plasticizers - Added to reduce the glass transition temperature
Tg below room temperature. Presence of plasticizer transforms
brittle polymer to a ductile one. Commonly added to PVC.
• Stabilizers – Antioxidants, UV protection
• Lubricants - Added to allow easier processing polymer “slides”
through dies easier (sodium stearate).
• Colorants - Dyes and pigments
• Flame Retardants - Substances containing chlorine, fluorine and
boron.
 More Additives

• Antimicrobials: Used to control the build up of bacteria, fungi and algae

on the surface of plastic products. A wide range of chemical and natural
compounds are used as antimicrobials. An example would be naturally
occurring silver ions used in products like cell phones or organic acids in
food-related products.
• Antistatics: Used to minimize static electricity. These types of additives
can be mixed with the resin or applied to the surface of the product.
Antistatic additives are common to a wide variety of products ranging
from cosmetics to industrial goods to sensitive electronic parts.
• Fibers: Used to increase strength and stiffness. The most common type of
fibers added for strength would be carbon and glass. Glass-reinforced
plastic is more commonly known as fiberglass.
 1. Plastic Extrusion
• Extrusion is a Compression process in which
material is forced to flow through a die orifice to
provide long continuous products whose
cross-sectional shape is determined by the
shape of the orifice.
• Widely used for thermoplastics and elastomers
to mass produce items such as tubing, pipes,
hose, structural shapes, sheet and film,
continuous filaments, and coated electrical wire
• Carried out as a continuous process; extrudate is
then cut into desired lengths
 Plastic Extrusion

Figure 3: Components and features of a (single-screw) extruder for

plastics and elastomers
 Main Components of an Extruder
Extrusion Barrel
• Internal diameter typically ranges from 25 to 150 mm
1. Barrel (1.0 to 6.0 in.)
• L/D ratios usually between 10 and 30: higher ratios for
2. Screw thermoplastic, lower ratios for elastomers
3. Die – • Feedstock fed by gravity onto screw whose rotation
 It is not an moves material through barrel
extruder •Electric heaters melt feedstock; subsequent mixing and
mechanical working adds heat which maintains the melt
component
Extrusion Screw
• It is a special • Divided into sections to serve several functions:
tool that must • Feed section - feedstock is moved from hopper and
be fabricated preheated
• Compression section - polymer is transformed into
for particular fluid, air mixed with pellets is extracted from melt,
profile to be and material is compressed
produced • Metering section - melt is homogenized and
sufficient pressure developed to pump it through
die opening
Figure : - Details of an extruder screw inside the barrel
Die Configurations & Extruded Products

• The shape of the die orifice determines the

cross-sectional shape of the extrudate
• Common die profiles and corresponding
extruded shapes:
– Solid profiles
– Hollow profiles, such as tubes
– Wire and cable coating
– Sheet and film
– Filaments
 Extrusion of Solid Profiles
• Regular shapes such as
– Rounds
– Squares
• Irregular cross-sections such as
– Structural shapes
– Door and window moldings
– Automobile trim
– House siding
Figure 5: - (a) Side view cross-section of an extrusion die for solid regular
shapes, such as round stock; (b) front view of die, with profile of
extrudate Die swell is evident in both views (Some die construction
details are simplified or omitted for clarity.)
 Hollow Profiles
• Examples: tubes, pipes, hoses, and other
cross- sections containing holes
• Hollow profiles require mandrel to form the
shape
• Mandrel held in place using a spider
– Polymer melt flows around legs supporting the
mandrel to reunite into a monolithic tube wall
• Mandrel often includes an air channel through
which air is blown to maintain hollow form of
extrudate during hardening
Figure :
Side view cross-section of extrusion die for shaping hollow cross-sections
such as tubes and pipes;
Section A-A is a front view cross-section showing how the mandrel is held in
place;
Section B-B shows the tubular cross-section just prior to exiting the die; die
swell causes an enlargement of the diameter
 2. Calendaring
• Used to produce plastic sheets and films
• Feedstock is passed through a series of rolls to
reduce thickness to desired gage
• Equipment is expensive, but production rate is
high
• Process is noted for good surface finish and high
gage accuracy
• Typical materials: rubber or rubbery
thermoplastics such as plasticized PVC
• Products: PVC floor covering, shower curtains,
vinyl table cloths, pool liners, and inflatable boats
and toys
 - A typical roll configuration in calendaring
Fig.
 3. Blow Molding
• Used to produce components like bottles
• Blow Molding process in which air pressure is
used to inflate soft plastic into a mold cavity
• Important for making one-piece hollow plastic
parts with thin walls, such as bottles
• Since these items are used for consumer
beverages in mass markets, production is
typically organized for very high quantities
 Blow Molding Process
• Accomplished in two steps:
1. Fabrication of a starting tube, called a parison
2. Inflation of the tube to desired final shape
• Forming the parison is accomplished by
either
– Extrusion or
– Injection molding
 Figure : - Extrusion- blow molding:
(1) extrusion of parison;
(2) parison is pinched at the top and sealed at the bottom around a
metal blow pin as the two halves of the mold come together;
(3) the tube is inflated so that it takes the shape of the mold cavity; and
(4) mold is opened to remove the solidified part
Figure - Injection blow molding:
(1) parison is injected molded around a blowing rod;
(2) (2) injection mold is opened and parison is transferred
to a blow mold;
(3) (3) soft polymer is inflated to conform to the blow
mold; and
(4) (4) blow mold is opened and blown product is removed
 Materials and Products in Blow
Molding
• Blow molding is limited to thermoplastics
• Materials: high density polyethylene,
polypropylene (PP), polyvinylchloride (PVC),
and polyethylene terephthalate
• Products: disposable containers for liquid
consumer goods, large shipping drums (55
gallon) for liquids and powders, large storage
tanks (2000 gallon), gasoline tanks, toys, and
hulls for sail boards and small boats

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 Injection Molded Parts (Moldings)
• Complex and intricate shapes are possible
• Shape limitations:
– Capability to fabricate a mold whose cavity is the
same geometry as part
– Shape must allow for part removal from mold
• Part size from  50 g (2 oz) up to  25 kg
(more than 50 lb), e.g., automobile bumpers
• Injection molding is economical only for large
production quantities due to high cost of mold
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 4. Injection Molding
• Polymer is heated to a highly plastic state and
forced to flow under high pressure into a mold
cavity where it solidifies; molded part is then
removed from cavity
• Produces discrete components almost always
to net shape
• Typical cycle time 10 to 30 sec., but cycles of
one minute or more are not uncommon
• Mold may contain multiple cavities, so
multiple moldings are produced each cycle

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 Injection Molding Machine
• Two principal components:
–Injection unit – melts and delivers
polymer melt, operates much like an
extruder
–Clamping unit – opens and closes mold
each injection cycle

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 Figure -
A large (3000 ton capacity) injection molding machine
(courtesy Cincinnati Milacron)

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 Figure - Diagram of an injection molding machine,
reciprocating screw type (some mechanical details
are simplified)

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 Injection Unit of Molding Machine
• Consists of barrel fed from one end by a
hopper containing supply of plastic pellets
• Inside the barrel is a screw which has two
functions:
1. Rotates for mixing and heating the polymer
2. Acts as a ram to inject molten plastic into
mold
• Non-return valve near tip of screw prevents melt
flowing backward along screw threads
• Later in molding cycle ram retracts to its former
position

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Clamping Unit of Molding Machine
• Functions:
1. Holds two halves of mold in proper alignment
with each other
2. Keeps mold closed during injection by applying a
clamping force sufficient to resist injection force
3. Opens and closes the mold at the appropriate
times in molding cycle

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 Figure 13.22 - Typical molding cycle:
(1) mold is closed

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 Figure 13.22 - Typical molding cycle:
(2) melt is injected into cavity

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 Figure 13.22 - Typical molding cycle:
(3) screw is retracted

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 Figure 13.22 - Typical molding cycle:
(4) mold opens and part is ejected

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 The Mold
• The special tool in injection molding
• Custom- designed and fabricated for the part
to be produced
• When production run is finished, the mold is
replaced with a new mold for the next part
• Various types of mold for injection molding:
– Two-plate mold
– Three-plate mold
– Hot-runner mold
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 Figure - Details of a two- plate mold for thermoplastic injection molding:
(a) closed. Mold has two cavities to produce two cup- shaped parts
with each injection shot

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 Figure 13.23 - Details of a two-plate mold for thermoplastic
injection molding: (b) open

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 Injection Molding Machines
• Injection molding machines differ in both
injection unit and clamping unit
• The name of the injection molding machine is
generally based on the type of injection unit
used
– Example: Reciprocating-screw machine
• Several clamping designs
– Examples: mechanical (toggle) vs. hydraulic

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 Shrinkage
Reduction in linear size during cooling from
molding to room temperature
• Polymers have high thermal expansion
coefficients, so significant shrinkage occurs
during cooling in mold
• Typical shrinkage values for selected polymers:
Plastic Shrinkage, mm/mm (in/in)
Nylon-6,6 0.020
Polyethylene 0.025
Polystyrene 0.004
PVC 0.005
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 Compensation for Shrinkage
• Dimensions of mold cavity must be larger than
specified part dimensions:
Dc = Dp + DpS + DpS2
where Dc = dimension of cavity; Dp = molded part
dimension, and S = shrinkage value
• Third term on right hand side corrects for
shrinkage in the shrinkage

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 Shrinkage Factors affecting
• Fillers in the plastic tend to reduce shrinkage
• Injection pressure – as pressure is increased,
forcing more material into mold cavity, shrinkage
is reduced
• Compaction time - similar effect - forces more
material into cavity during shrinkage
• Molding temperature - higher temperatures
lower polymer melt viscosity, allowing more
material to be packed into mold and reducing
shrinkage
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Thermoplastic Foam Injection Molding
Molding of thermoplastic parts that possess dense
outer skin surrounding lightweight foam center
• Part has high stiffness-to-weight ratio suited to
structural applications
• Produced either by introducing a gas into molten
plastic in injection unit or by mixing a gas-producing
ingredient with starting pellets
• During injection, a small amount of melt is forced
into mold cavity, where it expands to fill cavity
• Foam in contact with cold mold surface collapses to
form dense skin, while core retains cellular
structure
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 Injection Molding of Thermosets
• Equipment and operating procedure must be
modified to avoid premature cross-linking of TS
polymer
– Reciprocating-screw injection unit with shorter barrel
length
• Temperatures in barrel are relatively low
• Melt is injected into a heated mold, where
cross-linking occurs to harden plastic
• Mold is then opened and part is removed
• Curing is the most time-consuming step in the
cycle
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 Reaction Injection Molding
• Two highly reactive liquid ingredients are
mixed and immediately injected into a mold
cavity where chemical reactions leading to
solidification occur
• RIM was developed with polyurethane to
produce large automotive parts such as
bumpers and fenders
– RIM polyurethane parts possess a foam internal
structure surrounded by a dense outer skin
• Other materials used in RIM: epoxies, and
urea-formaldehyde
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 6. Compression Molding
• An old and widely used molding process for
thermosetting plastics
• Applications also include rubber tires and
polymer matrix composite parts
• Molding compound available in several forms:
powders or pellets, liquid, or preform
• Amount of charge must be precisely
controlled to obtain repeatable consistency in
the molded product
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 Figure 13.28 - Compression molding for thermosetting plastics:
(1) charge is loaded, (2) and (3) charge is compressed and cured, and (4)
part is ejected and removed (some details omitted)

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 Compression Molding Presses
• Oriented vertically
• Contain two platens to which mold halves are
fastened
• Presses have either of two types of actuation:
1. Upstroke of bottom platen
2. Downstroke of top platen

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 Molds for Compression Molding
• Simpler than injection molds
• No sprue and runner system in a compression
mold
• Process itself generally limited to simpler part
geometries due to lower flow capabilities of
TS materials
• Mold must be heated, usually by electric
resistance, steam, or hot oil circulation
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 Materials and Products in
Compression Molding
• Materials: phenolics, melamine,
urea-formaldehyde, epoxies, urethanes, and
elastomers
• Typical TS moldings: electric plugs, sockets,
and housings; pot handles, and dinnerware
plates

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 7.Transfer Molding
• In Transfer Molding charge is loaded into a
chamber immediately ahead of mold cavity,
where it is heated; pressure is then applied to
force soft polymer to flow into heated mold
where it cures
• Two variants:
– Pot transfer molding - charge is injected from a
"pot" through a vertical sprue channel into cavity
– Plunger transfer molding – plunger injects charge
from a heated well through channels into cavity
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 Figure 13.29 - (a) Pot transfer molding
(1) charge is loaded into pot,
(2) softened polymer is pressed into mold cavity and cured, and
(3) part is ejected

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 Figure 13.29 - (b) plunger transfer molding
(1) charge is loaded into pot,
(2) softened polymer is pressed into mold cavity and cured, and
(3) part is ejected

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 Compression and Transfer Molding
Compared
• In both processes, scrap is produced each cycle as
leftover material, called the cull
• The TS scrap cannot be recovered
• Transfer molding is capable of molding more
intricate part shapes than compression molding
but not as intricate as injection molding
• Transfer molding lends itself to molding with
inserts, in which a metal or ceramic insert is
placed into cavity prior to injection, and the
plastic bonds to insert during molding
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 8. Thermoforming

It is air pressure and plug assisted forming of the softened sheet.

-invariably automated and faster cycle times –only thermoplastics
sheet can be processed by this method.
-The largest application is for Food Packaging.
-Other industries include Toiletries, Pharmaceuticals and
Electronics
Sheet of plastic  Heated (soft)  Molded using a shaped die
9. Rotational Moulding
 Rotational Molding Process
• The rotational molding is a high temperature
and low pressure plastic forming process.
• The plastic material in the form of powder is
inserted into the mold.
• The mold is heated in an oven and rotated
biaxial until the powder has melted
• The molten powder is adhered to the mold
wall and makes a thin layer
• The mold is opened and finished part is
removed.
 Process
• The mold is rotated at different speeds in order to avoid the
accumulation of molten powder.
• The amount of time required to heat the powder at molten
temperature in to the oven is important.
• If the oven is heated for long time, powder will degrade and
it will affect the mechanical properties.
• If the mold is heated short time, the powder may not be
completely melted, resulting in large bubbles in the powder.
• The formed part must be cooled through the air so that it
solidifies slowly.
• The formed part will shrink on cooling, and facilitating easy
removal of part. The cooling rate must be kept within a
certain range.
• The water cooling should be avoided, because formed part
may shrink and warped after cooling.
Rotational Molding
• A mold release agent should be used to
quickly remove the formed part.
• Mold release can reduce cycle times and
defects of finished product.
• Three different types of mold release
agent may be used i.e. sacrificial coating
(silicones), semi-permanent coating,
(polysiloxane), and permanent coating
(polytetrafluoroethylene).

Process Parameters
1. The amount of powder
2. Heating temperature and time
3. Rotational speeds
4. Cooling rates
 Material used and Applications
• Material Used Thermosets and thermoplastic
material can be used, for example:
• Low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density
polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene, and polyvinyl
chloride (PVC).
• Applications Additives for weather resistance,
flame retardation can be incorporated.
• Products that can be manufactured include storage
tanks, bins and refuse containers, airplane parts,
road cones, footballs, helmets, and rowing boats.
 Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages :
• Allows complex mold split lines.
• Allows molded threads and mold-in inserts.
• Allows a wide range of surface finishes (textured, smooth,
or polished).
• Very little waste.
• Low residual stresses
• Tooling is less expensive
• Suitable for both low-volume prototypes and high-volume
production runs
Disadvantages :
• Slow production speed.
• It usually takes about one hour to complete the process
• Lower precision
 SY B Tech 16/10/2018
101, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42,
43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56,
57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71
Foam Moulding
SE A and B 31/03/2018 9.00- 11.00
SE A
• 1, 29, 39, 49, 53, 55, 56, 58,
59, 60, 63, 64, 68, 72, 91, 93
SE B
• 110, 11, 13, 20, 23, 37, 41,
44, 50, 51, 54, 60, 61, 62,
64, 66, 68, 72, 75, 79, 80,
82, 83,