Chemsty Manua

ANALYSIS OF
7. SYSTEMATIC QUALITATTVE
SIMPLE INORGANIC SALTS

of cations and annons present n tie salt. Salt is fomned by

Aalysts ol salts nxeans identification
ion is
he uculialization reaction between an acid and a basc. The N0. ol uits of clharges catried by an
equal to its valenie .
Ac d Radicals (Anion) Basic Raricals (Cation)

1) They cany-vr charge 1) Th:y cary ve charge

2) They can be detected by using solid (0.1g) 2) They can be detected by using origal
sait solution (2or 3drops)
be detec ted in Basic mediun wilh
They can be -letcctod in Acidic medium with 3) They Can
P"7 P'>7
be in the form of 4) Reacion can't be seen instead the product
4)Reaciion can seen

will be secn as precipitate.

cifcrvescenc, colour and odour of g a

steps which as fcllows:

Analysis of a s:t involves four are

Prelhmit.ary test Detcction of anion

4. Reportof salt
Detcetionot cation
t.Pelminsy Tests:

Stae: Cystaline vi Aapious

b) Colour White/ colourless, liglht grer (Fe ). grecn (NE"), Bl.e (Cu ) , B:own (Fe ). lght
pink ( n . Violet (Co).

)Solubili.y iest:
Water i l . IICT dil. HNO,
Cold
Cold 1ot Cold Ttot lot

I1. Classificatin a ol Anion (Acid Radicals).

Group Group Reagent Eadicals present

dil.1,SO,/ dil. Hct

Co,
I, Br , N0,

No reagels S0
 ilf, Delection of 1 group anio

Observation Tilerence
1aperimen
Salt+ dil. H,SO,/ dil. HCI Brisk etlervescence liberating group Carbonate anion (CO,)
(heat il necessary) colouriess, odourless gas Which may be present
taunns lime water milky

Conflrmatory test for Curbonate ion (CO,) (ne water test).

Observation Inerence
Eaperiment

Salt+Water, boil the gas Lime water does not tuns

Ca:bonate anion
(Co, ) is

liberated is passed into the test| milky confimed

Tube containing lime water

Deteeton 1 11 group ailons.

a. Salt + conc.H,S0, is taken a . A colourless pungent smell l group chlorzde ion (CT) may

in a dry lest tube, 8as which gives dense white be present

fumes with glass 1od dipped

tn NH,ol is exposed to the

7ioutlh of the test tube

b) White fimes followed oyro

urde
1o (Br) may
Reddish brown pungent
present
Turues

brown fumes anion (No,) may be

6.
1f no reaction in cold a pieceReddish
are
Nitrate
volved
of
Cu/Paper ball is added to present
the test tube and hcated

(Chromyl chloride test).

Conlirmatory fest lor Chloride ion (C))

red vapours are evolved

Salt +
K,Cr,0, crystals in a dryOrange
test tube + conc.1,so

The above vapours are

pis Yelilow
I2Dto a test tube containingE
solution is obtanea

NaOH solution

To tie above ycllow solution Drighit ycllow precip:tate Chtoride anion (Cl) is
lead acetate contirmied
aectic acid
S0.tOsare acded
 for Chloride ion (C)
Slver Nitrate test
Curdy white ppt. which isCloride 1on (C) is conlirmed.
Sult solution tAgNO,solution
soluble in excess of NH,OH

Confirmatory test for Bromlde lon (Br) (Globule test).

Observatio Inference
Experiment
to
Salt Water shaken dissolveAn orange red globule is| Bromide 1on (Br )is contirmed
+C, water+ 3 drops of CCI,. | foned
the mixture is shaken wel

Silver Nitrate (AgNO,) test.

which is Bromide ion (Br )is contirmed

Sal solution +AgNO, solution Pale yellow ppt.
Sparingly souble in NHJOH

Confirmatory lest for Nitrate ion (NO, ) (Brown ring test).

is formed the Nitrate ion (NO,) Is conlirmed

Salt solution t equal volume of A brown ring at

freshly prepared FeSO,solution junction of two liquiis

+few dreps.of conc. , SO0, are

nddedslowly along tiie sides of

the test tube.

Deteetion of i l group anion

Test for sulphate ion (So, ").

Observation Tnference
Experiment

Salt solution + BaCl, solution Athick white ppt. is ohtained Ill group Sulphate ion (SO, )is
present and confirmed
Above ppl. +¢xcess of dil. HCI |Precipitate is insoluble

DetestionofCations (Busicralicals):
the precipitation reaction in solution. Hence
The detection of basie radicals ofsalt is based on
it
is necessary to prepure the solurion ofsult or original solution (O.S)

Preparation oforiginalsolution(OSk.The salt may be soluble in H,O or dil. HCI or

dilHNO, The
choice of the solvent to prepare original solution is known from solubility test under preliminary test.
Preparation: About % test tube of solvent is taken and thè salt is added little by lirnle with constant
shaking untila saturated clear, homogeneous solution is obtained
Note:Always use 2 or 3 drops of original solution tor the detection of basic radicals.
 RADICALS)
CLASSIFICATION OF CATIONS(BASIC
Group reagent Nature of preelptale
Group No. Cations present

Teagene
NII,
dal.FtCi

dil.HCI + H,5 gas

Al NI,C, texceSs NH, OFH Hydroxide precipitate

N1,C, excess

",Ma" Sulphide preipiate

NIH,OlH+H,S gas
NH,CI,t excess
Ba",S&Ca Carbonate prucipitate
NH,OH + (NH,), CO,

NO reagen
V Mg"
Detection of zero' group cation. Ammonium ion (N,).

EXperiment rvat on
Obser Tnference

Salt NaOH
+
dil solution Pungent smiell of NH, gas
1s| Ammonm ion (NH,) may be
evolved wlich dense
gives preset
white fumes with glass rod
| dipped inConc.HClsolution
Confirmatory test for Ammonium ion (NII,). Nessler's reagent test :

OS+ Nessler 's reagent + NaOH | Brown pecipitate is fomed Ammonium ion (NH,) is

(slight excess confimed.

Analysis ofl group cations.

OS+ dil.HCT No precipitate group cations are absent

Analysis of ll group cations

Experiment Observation Inlerence

OS+dil. HCI+H,S No precipitate
group cations are absent

Analysis of lI group cations (Al)

Experiment Ohservation Inference

OS+a spatula of solid NHCI+ |A gelatinous wlhite precipitate 1l group Alunminium ion (A)
Cxcess of Nti,ol solution. is formed may be prescent

9
Conlirmalory lest lorAlumlnium ion (Ar)

a) +dil. NaOtl, linst sinuallA

OS white gelatinous ppt. soluble
excess of NaOH giving a
qzantity, tollowed by excess n Aluminium 10n (AT) is
clear solution
Above clear soluti n + solid | White gelatinous ppt.reappears contimed
Ni,CI, boil &&cool under tap

water Aluminium ion (Al") is

b) OS + bluc litmus solution | Ablue fhoatng mass is formed contirned
drops of NE, OT_
Analysis of 1W group cations (Z, Mn'").

OS +oe spatula of solid White or lesh coloured IV group cations (Zn'or Mn")
NHCI.+ excess of NHOA
NHOH may be present
precipitate is lormed.
solution+ H,S
Confirmatory test for Zinc ion (ZAn ).
1. OS+dil. NaOH Awuite ppt. soluble in excess
of Zinc ion (Zn )iscontirmed
| NaOllis fomed

2. 0S+K, [Fe[CN),] A bluish White precipitate 1s| Zinc ion (Z")is contirmed
tomed
Conlimatory test 1or Manganous lon (Mn ).

IS
i. OS+ dil. NaOH White ppt. is obtained which| Manganous ion (Mn )
nto brown on contirmed
slowly turns

acid test reto air

ganie
(HMn0,) is
supernatant solutuon
is Manganous ion (Mn")
Drops of OS+ Pinch ofAunk obtained Conliticu
Pbo, + I mL Coc, HNO,|
boil the mixture cool, dilute
lmdo anatik
n tne souron
ond Co-ur
duo
a
Poi iztuo -}Yorn
res w
Analysis of Vgroup cations (Ba", Sr", Ca")

Vgroup cations may be

OS +solid NH,CI + Cxcess of White precipitate is foraned
NH,OH solution + (NH,),Co, | prcsent

Solutron
Conlirmatory test for Barium ion (Ba)

1. OS +Pot.chromate (K,CrO) | A yellow precipitate is forrned | Barium ion (Ba")is contimed

solution
Flame test: Apaste of the
given salt is prep:aredwI Apple green colour is imparted Bariumn ion(Ba )S COniinea
few drops ot coic. lanto the flame
IS
exposed to the
colourless
flame through Platinum
Wire
 Conlirmafory test for Strontium ion(S)
is
|1. OS +(NL)SO, , heatand A white precipitateis formed Strontium
confimed
ion (S")
SCratch the sides of test tuhe|
witha gla_srod
2. Flame Tests
salt Stronlium (Sr) 15
Aprepared
pase otwith
thne givendrops 1s Crimson red colour is imparted 1on

tew oto the llame contimed

conc. HCI and it is exposed
to tlhe colourless tlame
hirough Ptwire

Confirmatory test for Caleium ion(Ca')._

is
1. OS+ Ammonium oxalate Awhite precipitate isformed Calcium ion. (Ca")
((NH,),CO,) conftrmed
2. Flame Test
A paste of the given salt is Brick red colour is Imparted to Calcium ion (Ca ) is

with few of the ilame

drops conlirmed
prepared
conc. HCI and it is exposed
to the colourless 1lame
through Ptwire
VI basic
radical Magnesium 1on (Mg
Analysis o group

OS+ solid NHCI+ of

White crystalline precipitatei:
excess Magnesium ion (Mg") is
NH,OH + Na,HPO, or formicd conlirmed.
(NIL),HPO,, Scratch the inncr
Walls of test tube wilh a giiss

rod

NOTE: FLAME TEST

Metal chlorides are volatile and inpart characteristic colour lo tie ilame. fience flame test is always
done by using conc. HCIsolution.

A paste of the salt is prepared Apple Green

Ba
i n conc. HCI on a warchgas.
15 eatcd ona cleaned pt. loop in B1ICk Red Ca
non
lumnous Bunsen athe salt 0 KCd 'Sr
e colour given
out
by
Gteen
In the 1ameIs observed
Preparation of Nessler's reagent ;

It is from
Alkaline potassium mercuric 1odide solition is calied Nessier's Tcagent. prepared
HgC1& KIsolution.
When drops of KI are added to lHgCl,, a scarlet red ppt. is formed which di: solves in excess of KI
a clear solution. To the clear solufion an equal volume of NaOH
giving
is
added. The resulting
solution is called Nessler'sreagent.

HgC1+2K1 Hg,+ 2KCI Hgl,1 2K1 K,Hel,

Potassiuim mereuric iodide
K, Hgl,+ NaOH-> Nessler 's reagent.