SCHEME OF SALT ANALYSIS

PRELIMINARYEXAMINATIONS

Experiment Observation Inference

1) Colour of the salt is noted 1. Elue Cu, Ni2*

2. Light Green Fe2+
3. Flesh colour Mn
4. White Shows the absence of
CuP Ni* Fe* Mn*etc

2) Smell ofthe salt is noted I. Ammonical smell Ammonium ion fNH,1

2. Vinegarlike smell Acetate fCH, CO0]

3) Flame Test:- Alitle ofthe salt I.Greencolours 1. Presence ofBarium [Ba*"}

is made into apaste with Con: Hcl. |2. Crismson red ?. Presence ofStrontium [Sr*]u
The pasteis shows intoanon 3. Brick red 3.resenceof Caicium [Ca*]
luminousflame. 4.No characteristic 4.Ance of Calium,
colour Stro. n and Bariim íons

4) Ash Test:- Fewdrops ofconc: 1.Blue coloured ash 1.Aluninionion{A l*)

HNO, and Cobalt nitrate are 2. Greencoloured ash 2. Presence of Zinc Zn)
added to the given salt. Heated. 3.Pink coloured ash 3. Presence of Magnes m (Mg*)
Afilter paper strip is dipped in 4.Colourless 4.Absence of Aluminiun, Zinc
this solv: and burned to ashes. and Magnesium

IDENTIFICATION OFACIÐ RADICALS

1) A lile ofthe given salt is treated 1. Briskefervescence Preseee of Carbonate ion

with dihte He! with the evolution of
colourless odourless
gas which trns
lime water milky.
CaCo,+Hel> CaCL +H0+CO,T
Ca (OH), + Co, CaCo +H,0
2. Evolutionofagas with Presence ofSulphide
the smell rotten eggs.

3.No characteristic Absence of Carbuaate

change ond Sulphide

2) Alittle ofthe given saltis rubbedL. Vinegar like smell Presence of Acetate
with dil:H,SO,
2CH, COO Na+ H,SO, > 2CH, COOH + Na,S0,

2.Nocharacteristic Absence of Acciate

change
 Observ:tion Inference
Experiment
1. Presenoc of Chloride
3) A litle ofthe piven salt is 1.ColouriessPurgem
treated with Con: H,SO, smeling gas giving dense
white fumes, when aglass
rod is dipped in NH,OH
is shown to the mouth
of the test tube
NaCl+ H,SO, NaiHS0,+ HCI
Hcl+NH,OFH > NH,CI+H,O
2. Reddish brown 2. Presence of Bromide
Vapours are evolved

3. Violetvapours are 3. Presence oflodide

evolved

4. Nocharacteristic 4. Absence of Chloride

change Bromide and lodide

4) Aliteofthe givensaltistreated 1. Greenishyellow gas 1. Presence of Chloride

witha pinclhofMnO,amd is evoived
Conc: HS0

2Nacl+Mn0+3 H,So, > 2Na,So,+MnSo, +2H0+cl î

2. Reddish brown vapours 2. Presence of Bromide
are evolved
3. Violet vapours are 3. Presence of lodide
evolved

4. No characteristic 4. Absence of Chloride,

change Bromide and Iodide

5 Aleofthegven salt is Reddish brown vapours Presenceof Nitrate

heated with conc: H,SO, and sareevolved
with a paper ball No characteristic change Absence ofNitate

6) A litde ofthe given salt is treated | 1. Adeep yellow colour Presence of Phosphate
vith conc: Nitric acid and exess ofprecipitate is
of Ammonium moly bdate solu: formed.
added then cooled 2. No Characteristic change Absence of Phosphate
2Na,PO, + 3(NH,), MoO, 2(NH,) PO, + 3Na, Mo0,
Amm: molybdate
NaMoo, + 2HNo, H,Mo0,+2NaNO,

Molybdate
H,MoO, Mo0, +H{0o
NH)PO+12Mo0,+6H,0> (NHJPo,12MoO,6H,O
Yellow Amm. phosphate mclybdate

7) Toasolutionofthegiven salt, A white precepitate Presence ofSulphate

Barium chloride solutionis added. insoluble in dil: Hcl
 Experiment Observasion Inference

CONFIRMATORYTESTFORACIDRADICALS-
1) Carbonates:- Brisk effervesence with the Presence of Carbonates
A little ofthe given salt is treated liberation ofacolourless, ion corfimed.
with dilute Hcl odourless gas which tumed
lime water niky.

Caco+Hl > Cacl, +HO +CO,T

Co+CalOH),> CaCo,+ HO,

2) Acetate:-
Ester test:
1. A litle ofthe salt is heated with Presence of Acetate
| Pleasentfnitysmell
is confimed.
few drops of conc: H,SO
To this solution ethyl alcohol
s added.

2. Action .ith ferric chloride

soiuticr
Toa little aqueous solution Adepred colouration is Prsence of Acetate
ofthe salt, a litteneural ferric cbned. is confimed
chloride solu: is added.

3) Chiorider
1. A littleofthe saltis treated White curdype. is formed. Presesce ofChloride
with dilut: HNO, and then This ppt: dissolveby adding ion coafimed.

wit AgN0, so!utioe. ews ofAmnoniumn

Hydroxide solu.
Nacl+ AgNO, > NaNo,+ Agcl
Agci +2NH OH > Ag{NH), Ci + 240

2. Cromyl Chloride test:

A little ofthe given szit is A yetko* pp: r ofehleride

heated withequel volune of iz fomed.
Potassiunm dichromate 2nd once
or wo drops ofcone: H,SO.
pass the vapours through a test
tube containing NaOH Solu: To
this solu: adc-i Acetic Acid and|
lead Acetate soBution.

4Nacl+K,Cr,0, + 3H,S0, > 2Na,S0, K,SO,+ 2Cr0, C1, + 3H,O

+

CrO,C1, t 4NaOH -Na,Cro,+ 2H,0+2Nuc!

pbCro, v 2CH, COON:
Na,CrO, + Pb(CE,C00), >
 Experiment Observation Iaference
4) Bronide
i.A little ofthe salt is treated with Yellowish white precipitate Presence of bromide ion
dil: HNO, and then with is obtained. This ppt: is
AgNO, solution
confimed.
spraringly soluble in
Ammonia (NH,OH).
AgNO,+KBr > KNO,+ AgBr

2. Lead Nitrate solu: Test:

Awhiicpt: is femed Presence of Bromide ion
Little lead Nitrate soluis confimed.
added to the salt solution.
PbNO,), +2KBr » Pb Br, + 2KNO,

5 Nitrate:
To a little of the given salt add Abrown riugis fonned Prescnce of Nitrate ion
reshly prepared FesO, Soh: at the junction
of two confimed
Then conc: H,SO, is added
layers.
along the sides of the test tube
withoutsthaking

KNO, HSO, >

KHSO, +HNO,
6FeSO,+2HNO, +3HSO, > 3Fe (SO)+ 4HO+2NO
FeSO+NO FeS04. NO Brown ring
6 Sulphate:-
1. To an aoueous solu: salt add
lead acetate solution.
Na,SO. Pb (CH,CO0)
2. Actionof Barium chioride
soiution: Alittie cfBarium
chloride solu: is added to a
srall quamtity of the vzter
oltiaofthe salt taken
in a e i tube.
| a thick white pp: is fomed Presence of sulphate ion
which is souble in excess confimmed.
hotAmmonium acetate
soluion.
PbSO,+2CH, COO Na
Awhite precipitate is Presece of suBphate ioa
formed. By adding excess confimed.
of dil: Hcl and heated.
The precipitate dissolves.

7 Phosphue-(Po,")
1. Ammonium
molybdate test:-
2. Mamesia mixture test:
Trea a pinch of the given salt
Awhite crystalline Poconfimed
precipitate
with dil: Hcl. To thisadd solid
NHCl ard a few of MgSo,
solution followeiby NH,oH
Na PO, +MgSo,+HCI> MgHpSo,+ NaCl+ Na,So
MgHPo, +NH,OH + 5H,O> Mg(NHJPo,. 6H,o
Mag:Hydrogen (White ppt
Phosphate
MagnesiumAmm: phosphate)
 ANALYSIS OFBASICRADICALS
order of
A solution ofthe salt is prepared in a suitable solvent.
The solubility is tested in

2) dil: Hel, 3) Conc: Hcl in the cold or hot condition.

1) water,

Inference
Experiment Observation
resence of T" group [Pb*].
1) Toalitle ofthe sat solution 1. Awhite PPt formed is Absence ofI" group.
dil Hcl is added. 2. No white PPt.

Presence ofgroup I I
2) Alittie ofthe salt solution dil Hcl1. Ablackoryellow Cu",Cd
is added and H_S is passed. precipitate
2. No black or yeliow Absenceofgroup

precipitate
Presence ofgroup Ilt
Toalittle ofthe salt soBution 1. White or brown
3) precipitate is formed. AP, Fe*1
NHCland Ammonium Absence of IId group.
Hyd:oxid: are added. 2. Noprecipitate

1. A white, flesh coloured PresenceIV" group

4) To alittle ofthe salt solution add ECo,N Mn*, Zn"]
or black PPt is fomed.
NHCl and NH,OH then HS is 2. No precipitate.
Absence ofgroup IVV
passed through solution.

1. A white precipitate is
Presenceof V group
Toalittle ofthe salt solu:
5) formed. Absence of V" group
NH,CI, NH,OH and NH,Co,
2. No PPt [Ba, SP, Ca"]
are added

. Awhiteprecipitate is 1. Presence ofV* group lg*]

6) Toalitl:ofthe saltsolu:NH,CI
forrmed.
NHOH and disodium hydrogen 2. Absence of magesium.
phospaie are added. 2. NoPPt

TEST FOR AMMONIUM (ZERO GROUP)

A gas with the smell of Presenceof

Ammonium ion
A litle ofthe sat is treated
with
1) Ammonia is evoBved. When
NaOH solution.
a glass rod dipped in conc:
Hcl. Shown to the mouth,
dense white fumes is fomed
Nacl
NHcl+NaOH NH, +HO + >

NH,+Hct>NH¢l
PreseneeofAmmonium ion
To an aqucous solution ofthe Brown precipitates
2) cOnfimed.
Ammonia scalt, Nessler's
Reagent is added.

NH,CI+KOH> NH, +H,0

3KOH
NH, +2K,Hgl, + ->

HNHgOHgl +KI +H0

 Observation Inference
Experiment
Anahysis of Group I
white precipitate is Presence of lead ion
1) Toa little ofthe salt solutiondil: Aformed
Hcl is added
Pbcl+KCro, >
PbCrO, 2KCi
The above ppt: is boiled with The precipitate dissolves Presence oflead ion
2)
water

To one portion of the above Yellow precipitate is Presence oflead ion confimed.
3)
solutionpot: Chromato soBution added
added.
(CH-COO),Pb +K,CrO, 2CHCOO K +PbCrO,

Yellowprecipitate is Presence oflead ionn

4) To the second portion ofthe
above solution pot iodide formed which is soluble confimed.
solution is added. in hot water, reappears as

(CH-COo),Pb + 2KI golden yellow spangless

2CH-COO K + PbL, on cooling

Analysis of Group i1
A little ofthe salt solution is acidified A black ppt is formed Presence of Copper
Presence ofCadmiunm
with dil: Hc!. Through thissolution Ayellow ppt is formed
pass HS gas
. Cacl, +H,S > Hcl+ Cus
2. Cacl,+HS >2Hcl+Cds

TEST FOR COPPER

Apale blue ppt dissolving Presence ofcopper

1. The black ppt obtained in the in excess of NH,OH to ionconfimmed.
IInd group is dissolved in boiling
HNO, and then add NH OH. |form adeep blue solution.
Cu (NO), +2NH,OH Cu(OH),+ 2NH NO,
Cu (OH),+ 4NH,OH Cu{NH,),(OH), +4H,0
Toa little ofthe salt solution A chocolate brown Presence of copper ion
2 ppt formed confimed.
add acetic acid and pottassium
ferrocynide solution is added.
2CusO, +K, [Fe(CN),I -Cu, [Fe{CNJ+2K,SO,
Analysis of Group IIlrd

1. A white gelatinous Presence ofAluminium ion

1) Toalittle ofthesalt solution
Ppi formed. Confimed.
NHcl and NH,OH are added
2. Brown ppt Presence ofFerric ion.

Alcl,+ 3NH,OH > Al(OH), +3NHcl

 Experiment Observation Inference
TEST FORALUMINIUM

Dissolve the above ppt in dil. Hcl. Add Blue PP floating in the Aluminim ion confimed.
two drops of blue litmus solution. Add colourless solution.
NH OH drop wise till blue colour
develops
Al (OH),+3Hcl >
AICI, +3H,O
AICI+3NH,OH > AI(OH), + 3NHcl

Ash test:-
To alitle ofthe salt add conc: HNO, Blue coloured ash PresenceofAhminium
and cobalt Nitrate solution. A filter papet confimed.
dipped in this solu and burned to ashes.

Analysis of Group IV

To a little salt sohution Ammonium Dirty white ppt Presenceof Zinc.

Chloride and NH OH are added and Flesh coloured ppt Presence of Manganeese.
HSis passed. A black ppt Presence ofCobalt or Nickel

Zn(OH) + HS 2H,0+2NO
Mn (OH),+HS 24,0 + MnS

TEST FOR ZINC ION

1 To an solu: ofthe salt NaOH is A whiteppt which dissolves Presenceof Zincion confirmed.
added first drop wise and then in excess of NaOH
in excess

Zncl, +2NaOH > Zn (OH), 2Nacl

Zn(OF, +2NaOH > Na,ZnO, +2H,0

2) Toalittle ofthe salt solution A white ppt Presence ofZinc ion confimed.
Pottassium ferocynide soBution
is added
2Zncl, +K_Fe (CN), >
Zn, [FeCeN,] +4Kel
Ash test:-
Toa sat soh1: nix witha few Green cooured ash is Presece ofZinc ion confimed.
drops of Cobalt Nitrate and a obtained.
few drops ofconcentrated HNO,
A folded filter paper dipped in this
solutionand bunt to ashes.
TEST FOR MANGANESE

1) Toalittle ofthe salt solu:NaOHA|A white ppt gradually Presence ofManganese ion
solution is added turning brown. contimed.
Mncl, +2NaOH > Mn{OE), + 2Nact
 Inference
Experiment Observation
2) Pemanganic Acid test:- The supernatent liquid Presence of Mn*ion is
A little ofthe salt solu is heated gets a pink in colour. confimed
with conc: HNO, and lead
dioxide. It is then diluted with
water and allowed to remain for
awhle.

TEST FOR COBALT (Co)AND NICKEL (Ni)

The black ppt obtained is dissolved 1. Ayellow residue. Presence ofNickel.

inminimum quantity ofaquearegia 2. A blue residue. Presernce ofCobalt
[3 conc: HNO+ conc: Hel] and
evaporated to dryness.

TEST FORNICKEL

Theyellow residue obtained is dissolved { Rosered ppt is formed.

inwater and add NaOHand dimethyl
Presenceof
confirmed.
Nickelionis
goxime

Analysis of Group V

To the salt solution NH,cl, NH,OH A white pptis obtained. Presence of barium, calcium or
and (NH),co, are added. Strontiunm.
BaC1, +(NEH),CO, -> BaCO, +2NHCI
SrC1, +(NH),co, > SrCO, +2NH,C
CaCl,+(NH),CO, > CaCO, + 2NH,CI
The white ppt obtained is dissoBved in minimum amount ofdilute acetic acid

TEST FOR BARIUM

1) To one portionofthe above Yellow ppt is obtained Presence ofBarium ion

solutionPotassium Chromate confimed.
solution is added.
(CHCOO), Ba + K,Cr0, 2CH, COOK + Ba CrO

2) Flame test: Grassy green colour Presence ofBarium ion

confimed

TEST FOR STRONTIUM

1. Toalitle ofthesalt solution A wihite ppt is formed. Presence of Strontiumn

Ammoniunm Sulphate solutionis
confimed1
added.

(CHCOO),Sr+(NH,), SO,2CH,COONH,+SSO,
 Experiment Observation Inference

2 Flame test A crimson colour is Presence of Strontium ion

imparted to the flame. isconfirmed.

TEST FOR CALCIUM

1) AmmoniumOxalate solution White ppt Presence ofCalcium ion is

is added to the salt solution and confimed.
then Ammonium hydroxide.

(CHCOO), Ca +(NH), C0, > 2CH,CoONH,+ Ca C, 0,|

2) Flame test: Presence ofCalcium ion is

Abrick red colour confimed.

Analysis of Group VI

1. Toalittle of the salt solution A white precipitate. Presence of Mg** ion is

NHCL NH,OH and disodium confimed
hydrogen Phosphate are added.

MgC1,+ NEHOH+ NaHPO, -> Mg(NH) PO, +NaOH + Hcl

2 Ash test: Pink ash Presence of Mg* ion is

confimed.

3. TotheSah sohution Magneson Blue colouration Presence ofMg* ion is

reagent is added confirmed