EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIOn INFERENCE

1. colour:Note down the colour of the given a)Blue colour a)Cu2+ may be present
salt.

b)brown b)Fe3+ may be present

c)green c)Ni2+ may be present

d)no colour d) absence of Cu2+ ,Fe3+

Ni2+
2. a)Smell like a)presence of NH4+
ODOUR ammonia

b)smell like vinegar

b)
presence of acetate
c) no smell
c)
absence of NH4+,

acetate

3 SOLUBILITY 1) Soluble 1. ) May be Sulphate,

Nitrate,
A little of the salt is shaken Chloride or Ammonium
with water. Carbonate

2) Insoluble 2) May be Carbonate or

Sulphide.

crystalline 1) May be Sulphate,

Nitrate,
Chloride or Ammonium
Carbonate
4 Appearance
powdery May be Carbonate or
Sulphide
5 ACTION OF HEAT: 1) Colourless, 1) May be Carbonate.
odourless gas turning
A small amount of the salt Lime water milky.
is heated gently in a dry test
tube. 2) Decripitation occu 2) May
rs with evolution be Nitrate.
of reddish
brown gas.

3) Salt sublimes with 3) May be Ammonium.

evolution of pungent
smelling
gas giving dense
white fumes with a
glass rod dipped
in conc HCl.

4) The white salt 4) May be Zinc.

turns yellow on
heating.

5)vinegar like smell 5)acetate may be

present

6) No characteristic 6) Absence of Carbonate,

change. Nitrate, Ammonium
and Zinc.,acetate
6 FLAME TEST: 1)bright Bluish 1) Presence of Copper.
green colour flame.
A small amount of the salt is 2) Brick red flame. 2) Presence of Calcium.
made into a paste with conc.
HCl in a watch glass and
introduced into the non-luminous 3) Grassy 3) Presence of Barium.
part of the Bunsen flame. green flame.

4)dull bluish white

flame 4)Pb2+ may be present
 4) No characteristic 4) Absence of Copper,
coloured flame. Calcium and
Barium.,lead
7 ASH TEST: 1) Green ash. 1) Presence of Zinc.

A filter paper is soaked into a

paste of the salt
2) Blue ash. 2) Presence
with conc. HCl / HNO3 and Cob
of Aluminium.
alt Nitrate solution in a watch
glass and burnt. 3) Pink ash. 3) Presence
of Magnesium.
4) No characteristic 4) Absence of Zinc,
coloured ash. Aluminium and
Magnesium.

II. TESTS FOR ACID RADICALS

8 ACTION OF DIL 1) Brisk 1) Carbonate is
HCl effervescence of confirmed.
colourless, odourless gas
To a small amount turning Lime water
of dilute milky.
HCl the salt is
added.

2) Rotten egg smelling 2) Sulphide is

gas turning Lead acetate confirmed.
paper black.

3) No characteristic 3) Absence of
change. Sulphide and
Carbonate.
9 COPPER 1) Reddish brown 1) Presence
TURNINGS gas is evolved. of Nitrate.
TEST:

A small amount of
the salt is heated
with Copper
Turnings / Filter
paper ball and a
few drops of conc.
Sulphuric acid.
 2) No reddish brown gas 2) Absence of
is evolved. Nitrate.

10 CHROMYL 1) Red 1) Chloride is

CHLORIDE orange vapours evolved confirmed.
TEST: are passed through water
to get a yellow solution,
To a small amount which on adding Lead
of the salt a pinch acetate forms
of Potassium a yellow precipitate.
Dichromate is
added and heated
with few drops
of conc. Sulphuric
acid.

2) No Red orange 2) Absence of

vapours. chloride.
11 Action of a)colourless gas with a)presence of Cl-
con.H2SO4 pungent smell
which gives white
To the salt add fumes with
con.H2SO4 ammonium
hydroxide

b)colourless vapours
with smell of b)presence of
vinegar acetate(CH3COO-
)

c)reddish brown gas

with pungent smell c)presence of
NO3-

d)no change
d)absence of Cl-
(CH3COO-),
NO3-

12 BARIUM CHLORIDE 1) A white 1) Sulphate is

TEST: precipitate, confirmed.
insoluble in conc.
To a few drops of the HCl.
OSS(Oiginal salt 2) No white 2) Absence of
solution), dilute precipitate. Sulphate
Hydrochloric Acid is
added until the
effervescence ceases and 2
ml of Barium
chloride solution is added.
13 SILVER NITRATE 1) A curdy white 1) Presence
TEST: precipitate, of Chloride.
soluble in excess of
To a few drops of the Ammonium
OSS dilute Nitric Acid is hydroxide.
added until the
effervescence ceases and 2
ml of Silver 2) A black 2) Presence
Nitrate solution is added. precipitate. of Sulphide.
3) No precipitate. 3) Absence of
chloride/
sulphide.
14 BROWN RING TEST: 1) Brown ring is 1) Nitrate is
formed at confirmed.
To a few drops of the junction of the
oss dilute Sulphuric two layers.
acid is added until the
effervescence ceases,
then freshly
prepared FeSO4 is
added and
then conctrated Sulphuric
acid is added drop by drop
along the sides of the test
tube.
2) No brown ring. 2) Absence of
Nitrate.
15 Lead acetate test a) white ppt Presence of
sulphate
To the salt solution add
few drops of lead acetate
solution
b)no white ppt Absence of
sulphate
16. Ammonium molybdate
test
To the salt solution add
con. Nitric acid and boil a) a deep yellow a)presence of
and add ammonium ppt is formed
phosphate(PO43-)
molybdate solution and
b)no yellow ppt is
again boil b)absence of
formed
phosphate

IV. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS

13. PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION:
The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in_______________#
# Water (When the salt is water soluble)
# Dil. HCl or Dil. HNO3 (When the salt is water insoluble)
14. GROUP IDENTIFICATION

S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No
1 To a few drops of the
original solution 2 ml
of dilute HCl is added.
1) White precipitate. 1) Presence of First
Group. (Lead).
2) No characteristic 2) Absence of First Group
precipitate. (Lead).
 2 To a few drops of the 1) Black precipitate. 1) Presence of Second
original solution 2 ml Group (Copper).
of dilute HCl is
added and H2S gas is 2) No characteristic 2) Absence of Second Group
passed. precipitate. (Copper).

3 To a few drops of the 1) Gelatinous 1) Presence of Third

original solution 1 white precipitate. Group (Aluminium).
ml NH4Cl and 2
ml NH4OH solutions are 2)reddish brown 2)Fe 3+ may be present
added. ppt
3) No characteristic 3 Absence of Third Group
precipitate. (Aluminium).,Fe3+

4 To a few drops of the 1) Dirty 1) Presence of Fourth

original solution 1 white precipitate. Group (Zinc).
ml NH4Cl and 2
ml NH4OH solutions are 2)black ppt 2)presence of Ni2+
added and H2S gas is 3) No characteristic 3) Absence of Fourth Group
passed. precipitate. (Zinc),Ni2+.

5 To a few drops of the 1) White precipitate. 1) Presence of Fifth

original solution 1 Group (Calcium or Barium).
ml NH4Cl, 2
ml NH4OH and 2
ml (NH4)2CO3 solutions 2) No characteristic 2) Absence of Fifth Group
are added. precipitate. (Calcium and Barium).

6 To a few drops of the 1) White precipitate. 1) Presence of Sixth Group

original solution 1 (Magnesium).
ml NH4Cl, 2
ml NH4OH and 2 ml Di
Sodium 2) No characteristic 2) Absence of Sixth Group
Hydrogen Phosphate are precipitate. (Magnesium).
added.

a)Ammoniacal
smelling gas evolves
To a few drops of salt which gives dense a)presence of NH4+
7.
solution add NaOH and white fumes when
heat the solution glass rod dipped in
Hcl shown near the
mouth of testtube
 b)no smell of b)absence of NH4+
ammonia

V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No
TEST FOR AMMONIUM
1 To a few drops of the Reddish Ammonium is
original solution Sodium brown precipitate. confirmed.
Hydroxide and Nessler’s
reagent are added.
First group - LEAD
1 To a few drops of the Yellow precipitate. Lead is
original solution Potassium confirmed.
Chromate is added.
2 To a few drops of the Yellow precipitate soluble Lead is
original solution Potassium in hot water which confirmed.
Iodide is added. reappears as golden yellow
spangles on cooling.

Third group - ALUMINIUM

1 To a few drops of the White precipitate Aluminium is
original solution Sodium soluble in excess of confirmed.
Hydroxide is added in drops Sodium hydroxide.
to excess.
2 To a few drops of the A bright red lake. Aluminium is
original confirmed.
solution Ammonium
Hydroxide and Aluminon
reagent are added.
Fourth group - ZINC
 1 To a few drops of the White precipitate Zinc is
original solution Sodium soluble in excess of confirmed.
Hydroxide is added in drops Sodium hydroxide.
to excess.
2 To a few drops of the White Zinc is
original solution Potassium precipitate soluble in confirmed.
Ferro cyanide is added. excess of Sodium
hydroxide & insoluble in
dilute acid.
Fifth group - CALCIUM
1 To a few drops of the No precipitate. Calcium is
original solution Potassium confirmed.
Chromate is added.
2 To a few drops of the White Calcium is
original precipitate insoluble in confirmed.
solution Ammonium Acetic acid.
Hydroxide and Ammonium
Oxalate are added.
Fifth group - BARIUM
1 To a few drops of the Yellow precipitate, Barium is
original solution Potassium soluble in acid. confirmed.
Chromate is added.
2 To a few drops of the White precipitate Barium is
original solution Dilute insoluble in Acetic acid. confirmed.
Sulphuric Acid is added.
Sixth group - MAGNESIUM
1 To a few drops of the White precipitate, Magnesium
original solution Sodium insoluble in excess of is confirmed.
Hydroxide is added in drops Sodium hydroxide.
to excess.
2 To a few drops of the Blue precipitate. Magnesium is
original solution Magneson confirmed.
reagent is added.

For Copper, nickel, Fe3+

Confirmatory test learn from page no 120(one long sheet is given .)

CONFIRMATORY TEST

FOR ACID RADICAL

FOR BASIC RADICAL

RESULT:

THE GIVEN SALT CONTAINS

a)----------------------- acid radical

b)----------------------basic radical