Solvation enerayY_ and solubílity o ionic compoundS:

farmz5 atr faaaaT:

Solyaiom enei3-?
when imic solid Mx() is dissolved n
on
polar Solyent(egara taaus), t h
ionic solid is broken into its isolated iens.
gaseous In his rocess ot
some amount requmed. This
breakin of emera 3 Called lattice
Iattice ener7d
enerad
of Mx (s) iemic Csta

Mx(s)+Enera req+red (Iatsice enerz)- M(a)x(a)

Isolated Gnaseous
oms
Onin
- when hese isolated ase ous fems ao into the Solvent amd interac t
ith their molecules so that th*Y get sumounded C Solvent molecules
md cOmverted înt Solvaked îon .
These solyaed ens a epresented as
[ M6olv)«] and Lx(sov), ]
Solv Stamds tor solvent molecules
The fom ahn e Soluaed Tem is du to iem- solient interacim.
If wates is used SSolvent, +hen gaseous iems ave cem verted to
hydrated iems which ane Yepre sented as

M),J CM(aq)]*
[x(ody J LxlaL)J
Eyomple : Solvati
on NaCI in waer

-6--66
--o
NaCi Crsta Hodipoles Ctàg)
Cry
hydTah o

kg- díss lutien of

NaCl in water

Hydrated ciíns
Hydraked Nat i ons
-The process by hich the Solyated Cor hydr ated) im s Cne produced is
called Solvatí en er hydra tien) process
The emevadrelease duina he solvati on (or byaratiom) process s
called Solvaion Cor hydrah n) enera*
M(a)+x(solv) [M(solu)xJ+Enerad release (Colled Solvation enerj)
LxSolulyJ+Enerarelease (Called Solvation enerau)
xla) t
y (solu)
The omount of enesgTeleased hen ome ram mole ooF aseous iem
is disso lved in solvent Cor water) ís Called solvation (or hydra tiem)
ene 8
solvatim (or hydratíem) enera ís also called heatot solvatian or heat
of hydraisn.
The process of solvation Cor hydratiem) is exotheTmie.
For ienic olid to dissolve in polar solvent, the solvation enerat
of the solvent must be eater than the lattice ene7 oHhe ienie
solid So that solvatíam Ymay lattice
enerTt overcome the ener
 Fo am eUC Salid
attice eneray< Solvati em ene ra Tonic solid is soluble in solvent
lattice enerj Solvation emerqd Tonic solid iss insoluble in Solvent

we dissolve am iemic compoumd non- polar solvent , then here

is no interaciem bls 8aseous ien of iîenic cemowmd am solvent
molecules ce. Solvatiem iems cre fomed hence mo ener is relea sed
In the process to break doum he attice enerj- Thus ienic solids
ore mot Soluble m non- polar Solvents
Iemic comp- Cpolar) a r e soluble in polar solvents 4 Covalent compounds
Cnon-polar ) ore soluble in mom- polar solvents e. ike dissolves like
CzrATA, FTATA atoar ~)
For he prDe ss ot Solvali on, Gibbs tree enery(aa) must oe -ve

AG= AH -TAS
A ve
Some
ienic cempo umd absos nera umna the process of Solvati om. .

the reasem tor the endothemi en trop

c
process chame (As)

fo om exothemie process Gor amendothemic process

AH - -ve AH= +ve

AS + v e AS = +Ve

A = AH-TAS
AG= AH-T AS
-
TAS 7 AH
|AG= -ve
a-e
 Notebook » 1 T
Dr. Arun Kumar's

Factors affec tina solubility of ionic Solids

fàei2d T UTdyir):
0 Dielectic constant of Solvent (
1S
The meas ureme n t of copaci b of solvemt t neulíze lemuc
char Is

Called Tts Dielechñc Constant-(¬)

constamt disso lutim Capaaty off
o Solvent
Value of Diele chic d

80
80. SO sater s
Value of Diclectme con stamt or ater s
Solvent univev sal Solvent)
goDd Ymore than
constant is 92, which i
For H2 Value ot dielec bic
water
waber. sH H is ot a good solvent b e c a u s e í is a
stron
strom
amd at noma em p
Oxidisina ayent decomposed
H2 H +o
but it is not a
HF adso has high value of dielecác con stamt.
HF is weak base as comp
pure w baJer amd
gpo
8pod sDlventbec ause
ofF is is not a good e donor
electroneaainby mse han o SO
Dr. Arun Kumars Notebook 2 + osh I n k to Shape Ink to Text Math

Tonic Size (3ZT5 32DT):>

Lattice enea (ATG5 3nt)) omd solv ati em enera CTaci 3TT/ Hydratim eneyy
CucnrA3V) depend upon iemic sige
Accovding to Bovn-lamde relatienshi p b/w U amd imic size is
equatien
U X
here U lattice enera
T radíus of Cai on
adíus of amion
T
Relatiem ship b/u solvatiemCor hydratim) enera CcUmd ienic si za is -

s.E-/H.E. . SE Soluation enera

HE. Hydratiom enerat

Case-I when eize t cation is too small as Compae to amicn.

- IIn
n this Case, Cation size is neligeble as Com pare to aian
aim
 So e4. 0 becomes

U U

if size o} ani e n îs larae,then attice enerq4 Piemicsolid

is less So solubili ty will increase.
exomple Solubility of akali metal halide
LiF LiCl < LiBr LiI

and becomes

S-E-/HE negigebie
if siz of catim is too small,hen solvation (or hydratim)
eneayof Solvent is more So Solubiiy increae.
example. Solubiy of alkaline earth metal Sulphases
Mas0 Ca504 SrS0 BaSD
 Seme igmic solíds have lorge catim sil they have
hia solubiliby.
high
Teasem for
high solubiliby îs enbrop chang
eXample:-
LiF Naf < KF < RbF < CsF
Case IL_ Lf Siz of Catiemn amd amiom is PPDx. Saume e
oey monoatsmic. C3,er-)
I n his Case, eq. O amd e2 Care used

U amd s.E./HE
here both catiom amd amim afects wmd
latticeene S.E.
H:E.
when sig of Cation amd cumi em Ts incvease, then looth U and S.e.lHE.
decrease. but Uil decrease tham SE.HE.
more so
solubilit
will inCrease
Cxam ple: Solubiliby of alkali matal hali des
C6F> Cs C1 7 Cs Br Cs I
 LiF Lic LiBr LiI
LE.(K3 mor) -lo035 -845 - 80D -740 -ve =
ener releas
H:E. (K3 mall)-1ol9 -876 -84S - 780

Cs F CsC CsBr CSL

LE. (K mol) -720 - 64-4 -623 590

HE(K mo)-789 -46 - 623

550

The solubiby all Compownds Cam not be calculakedd

theonbicall but cam be Calculaed racticall

Th factos dí sscussed above are not appi coble em all cmpoumds.
9oma Hhermody namá c factos (such as etropenthapy ett) odso affec
solubilíby ot íenic solids. example
LiF < NaF < KF < RbF<CsF
Temiccharge C3Ri- HAT):
to Born-lande equaim
accordia catim md amu m
Uz z* zz =
Charqe em

we hat

Solubiliy
Ca 504 ,CaPO4)2 amd AIPO4
AP4 are însolu.ble Tm aoder
-Exampl
CAo):»
Pavtial covalent character in bond ( T * siTD HATT5
Polaisatien Covalent character
Covolent character Solubili ty

cmd Ha are less soluble 1m waer. because

CuCI
-Exompla:- AgCI,
inert Ceni aurati em omd Possess
Ag Cut amd H* have pseu do aas
aas

hi gh polamsi poLoer
PH of Solutien:
Satts
Solts of weal aids C phosphates amd oxalates) are Tnsoluble in oader.
bu they ae soluble T addic madium.
H04 + Ca+2
CaO4+2Ht
Cal.oxalate Oxalic aúd

Presen sence of
Common iem HATYA T 3utura:
presence ot commen îem A-
Solubility
- Example:- NaCI is soluble im a e r , but în the presence oHCI
ine
its solubilily decrea ses due to presence o co mmem ten (ci)
Temperatue :
-

Tf the Process
procesS is
iS endothermic ,hen solubilibyy increase with iease intemp
exam pllo KNO , NaN O3 kCI, NH4CI ett
-
TF the process is exothamîc hen solubility decve ases sith încrease in temp
example -

NaqSD ek