CHAPTER 2 : keFlails teaGroup showsthenumber valenceelectrons

of
hiiNa.krgmPeriod showsthenumbershells
MATTER AND THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE egu.am
filledwithelectron
atoms
e.Ne.Arr
9ygup.at affEealiais halogens
is noble
ya single
1 2 alkaline
trefenmsietniff
1314151617 gasl
Particles
nomnefaisynomnefais z earthmetals inert
molecules
egich.Hz.br 3 5456M 12 gas
joists egHzo.NH3 ca 4
couples metals nonmetals
physical g
States IDE egNacl MgO 7
arrangement metals semimetals nonmetals
solid closeTypacked in an Chard soft
orderlyarrangement Deposition
movement
liquid vibrateandrotatein boilinga
fixedposition melting
arrangement
I kineticenergy freezing
condensation
closelypacked notin
anorderlyarrangement Verylow solid liquid gas
movement forcesofattraction
Sublimation
vibraterotateandsliding
overoneanothereasily
betweenparti
verystrong Sublimation
kineticenergy Process atwhichsolidchanges
higherthansolidlower a intogaswithoutgoingthrough
thangas
forcesofattraction
gas theliquidstate
dryice solid Oz
arrangement
betweenparticles
weakerthansolid
veryfarapart Example iodinecrystal Iz
strongerthangas movement ammonium
canmovefreely chloride NH4CI
meltingpoint
Heating ofnaphthalene kineticenergy constanttemperaturewhen a
veryhigh substancechangesfromsolid
forceso
fattraction Stateto becomeliquid at a
betweenparticles specificpressure
very weak Freezingpoint
Temperaturetoo constanttemperaturewhen a
Bh substancechangesfromsolid

µf
stateto becomeliquidator
Coolingofnaphthalene specificpressure
times
whyistemperatureremains Isotopes atoms thesameelement
constantbetween ti andta that havethesame
numberofprotonsbutdifferent
Heatabsorbedis used number of neutrons
to overcome theforces Nucleon
number
ofattractionbetween proton 2,3 TYNA
Particlesas thesolid
number
sodium 23 Sodium 24
particlesturnintoliquid
whyistemperatureremains
Nucleonnumber
Yog
X
a
Temperature10C constantbetandeta totof
protonsandneutrons 2
Heatreleased to thesurrounding in a nucleusofan
liquid isbalancedbyheat lost as atom
theliquidparticles areattracted protonnumber
imde togethertoformsolid numbTofprotonsin 1
t tr a nucleus of an atom
supercooling Rutherfordproton Relativeatomic mass of isotopes
DTRBCCinq
temperature
Ioc doktorberbangsa ReftinPpeace
JohnDalton P i discover Relative isotopex Misasofoffe

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supfcooling
me
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tan
whenthe
condition talat NielsBohr Example 1atomconsistsof 2 isotopes
temperaturedecreases JJTho.me e
Best 3,5Cand3,7gThenaturalabundance
belowthefreezing chipsmoreJ.J.T.GE is 25
ooinlwiththe Juaijagung Ip electronshet
discover
of c is751 and Cl
occurrence ofsolid Tepieconsave calculatetherelativeatomicmass
particles
I ffT
deige
positively
e Swick ofchlorine
Solution 75 35 25 37
usesofisotopes charged Tinaneutron
pin discover 100
carbon 14 sphere
of
toestimatetheage fossils neutron 35.5
sodium
24 vest
todetecttheleakageof D vest Nucleon
number
23 group 1
t.fi Fes4 11NA
undergroundpipe
cobalt60 xx Naa
Proton
number 5eTauTeNaatom
destroybacteria x tom xx t has1valence
tokillcancercells Naion
Petitanate pit P electron
sterilisingsurgicaltools xx
o electron x e to eelectron_11
e a zs ti neutron Period3
Iodine 13 e a 2s becausehasNaatom
totreatthyroidglanddisease xx 23
Ciam xxxx
c ion 3shellsfilled
uranium
Generatingelectricity
through xx
e 9 287 o
electron xx
xx 1018
PI t.ee fron withelectron
nuclearpowergenerator e.asz.gg I arrangement Drawthe
lead210 pelectronmthe s2 f electronarrangement
DetTminingtheageofsandand a outermost shell Drawthe of 7,3Na outermost
earthlayersuptosoyears valence atomicstructure she
Hydrogen 3 electron 1 2345 6 7 8 of23µg xxxxx
u xx
Detectortstudysewageand Group 21314 8
liquidwaste
of Number gyp Y e xx
32
Phosphorus
shells
filled I 2 3 4567
Studyofplant metabolisme withelectron
Physicalstateatroomtemperature Period I 2 3 45 67 Popularquestions Heating
substancenfeof.tn9ocgbp8ihntf9 hthalene
andcoolingofnap
Extrainfo
X 9 melting points of
Heating naphthalene
18 120 typPaffifes tYoPmpound bond
boilingpoint 1 whyis a waterbathused
Y 56 180 ionmpo gh Toensureeven heating
z 18 12
X liquid Ksolid 2gas
CCly moleculescovalentcompound low 2
Whyisnaphthalenenot
heateddirectlyusingthe
Bunsenburner
Q whysubstanceYhashigher Naphthaleneisflammable
meltingpointthansubstance2 kinetictheory
Topreventsublimationof
Pl Theforcesofattraction Dliquidgasgasliquidsolid
solidnaphthaleneintoa
ofsubstance movement so
betweenparticles
ParticlesmoveParticlesmove poisonousgas
Y isstrongerthansubstance 2 of cooling ofnaphthalene
particles faster slower
P2 Moreheatenergyis 1 whyis theboilingtube
required to overcomethe forcesof forcesof forcesof putinto a conicalflask
t
toseetwseinapttainiti
c.es
eeini
stIwi I i few
i ei iiii.iiieiiainiiianieioei.is

highMptbp kinetic kineticenergy kineticenergy Todistributeheatevenly

1 FoABp Strongflow mprbp energy increases decreases 3 PredictwhatwouldHapp
weak
2 t P2Heat mereclowmpabp
highmptb.pl ifnaphthaleneisnot
energy less stiuhpfdffj.nu
gh8Ycsuhf