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Rizza A. Caluag
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Principles
the stress
➤ Law of Mass ➤ At a given temperature, the rate of a chemical reaction is
Action directly proportional to the product of the molar
concentration of the reactants.
CONSTANT
MOLECULAR
VIBRATION GLIDING RANDOM
MOTION
MOTION
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION
TYPE OF REACTION GENERAL EQUATION
Decomposition AB A+B
itself.
p-block Representative
d-block Transition
TRIADS
First Iron, Cobalt, Nickel
Decomposition AB A+B
Metals Nonmetals
Element Non-luminous
Sodium Persistent golden yellow
Potassium violet
Lithium Carmine red
Calcium Brick red
Strontium crimson
Barium yellowish green
Borate, Copper (I), Thallium, green
Phosphorous
Sodium Nil
Potassium crimson
Lithium Purple
1st Cl
MOST ABUNDANT IN THE EARTH’S CRUST
Percent
1 st O 47%
2 nd Si 28%
3 rd Al 8%
SILICATES
Other name
Kaolin China clay Native Hydrated
white bole Aluminum silicate
Bentonite Soap clay Native Hydrated Colloidal
Mineral soap Aluminum silicate
wilhinite
Pumice Sodium aluminum silicate
1 st Gold
2 nd Silver
3 rd Copper
MOST ABUNDANT GAS IN AIR
Percent
1 st Nitrogen 78
2 nd 0xygen 21
3 rd Argon 0.93
TOXIC
element
1st Beryllium
2nd Thallium
SULFIDES
All sulfides are BLACK except…
CdS Yellow
ZnS White PbS
MnS Pink (salmon)
element
Produce artificially Technetium
Radionuclide used in medicine Radium
ALLOYS
ALLOY COMPOSITION
BABBIT METAL 20% ANTIMONY, 80% TIN
51
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Name of Functional
General Formula
Groups
Alcohols ROH
Phenols Ar-OH
Ethers ROR
Amines RNH2
Aldehydes RCHO
Ketones RCOR
Carboxylic Acid RCOOH
Esters RCOOR
Anhydries RCOOCOR
Amides RCONH2
MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID
DICARBOXYLIC ACID
No. Of
Common Name
carbons
2 Oxalic
3 Malonic
4 Succinic
5 Glutaric
6 Adipic
7 Pimelic
8 Suberic
9 Azelaic
10 Sebacic
O
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C OH
O
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C OH
ORGANIC MEDICINAL
CHEMISTRY
GENERAL ANTI-INFECTIVES
Alcohol Dyes
Ether Heavy Metals
Aldehyde Preservatives
Phenol
Oxidizing Agents 57
Halogen-Containing
Compounds
Cationic Surfactants
BACTERICIDAL BACTERIOSTATIC
(Cell wall synthesis inh.) (Protein synthesis inh.)
1. Penicillin 1. Aminoglycoside- 30s inh
2. Aminopenicillin 1. Amoxicillin(oral)
-Aka: Broad spectrum 2. Ampicillin(parenteral
penicillin
4. Antipseudomonal 1. Carbenicillin
Penicillin 2. Ticarcillin
3. Mezlocillin
4. Azlocillin
5. Piperacillin
61
Cephalosphorins
64
Carbapenems
sulfur atom is externalized & replaced by a carbon
atom
Imipenem
➢1st discovered carbapenem
➢Inactivated by dihydropeptidase enzyme
(kidneys) forming of nephrotoxic compounds
Meropenem
Doripenem
Ertapenem
65
Monobactams
These are drugs with a monocyclic lactam ring
Not fused with another ring
Aztreonam
Active against Gram negative Enterobacter and P.
aeruginosa.
66
AMINOGLYCOSIDE
Ring II – for resistance
Ring III – for solubility characteristics
TETRACYCLINE
Macrolides
Structural features:
1. Lactone ring (12, 14, 16
atoms)
2. Ketone group
3. A glycosidically linked
amino sugars
70
Chloramphenicol
FLUOROQUINOLONES MOA: DNA gyrase inhibitor
GENERATION DRUGS
FIRST Nalidixic acid
SECOND Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Norfloxacin
THIRD Levofloxacin
FOURTH Moxifloxacin
DRUGS USE
4. Calomel is:
A. Hg2Cl2
B. HgCl2
C. stannous fluoride
D. ZnCl
QUESTIONS:
7. Calomel is:
A. Hg2Cl2
B. HgCl2
C. stannous fluoride
D. ZnCl
QUESTIONS:
20. A + BC → AC + B
A. Single Displacement
B. Double Displacement
C. Combination
D. Decomposition
QUESTIONS:
32. All of the following statements are true concerning the penicillins,
except:
A. this class of antibacterials acts by damaging the cell walls of bacteria
B. piperacillin and ticarcillin have activity against Pseudomonas species
C. use of any penicillin is contraindicated in a patient who has had an
allergic reaction to any one penicillin
D. they are obtained from the genus of Streptomyces