ATOMIC

Elements – different types of atom

Each element is made STRUCTURE
up of very tiny particles called atoms, and each
element is made up of just one particular type of atom, which is different to
the atoms in any other element.

Gold is an element made

up of only gold atoms.

Carbon is an element made

up of only carbon atoms.
 ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
Atoms made up of tiny sub-atomic particle, there are :
 Protons
 Neutrons
 Electrons

proton neutron electron

 ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
The protons and neutrons exist in a dense core at
the centre of the atom. This is called the nucleus.

The electrons are spread out around

the edge of the atom. They orbit the
nucleus in layers called shells.
 Why do atoms have no
electrical charge?
There are two properties of protons, neutrons and electrons that are
especially important:
 mass
 electrical charge Particle Mass Charge
proton 1 +1
neutron 1 0
electron almost 0 -1

The atoms of an element contain equal numbers of protons and

electrons and so have no overall charge.
 Atomic Model Development
Finding electrons

J.J. Thomson thought about

“cathode rays”.
 What are cathode rays? maybe
electrically charged
 Cathode rays are charger, their
charge is negative
 Atomic Model Development
First atomic model
 Atomic Model Development
J.J. Thomas “Plum Pudding Model”
 Atomic Model Development
Discovering the nucleus
 Testing the plum pudding model
 Fired fast moving particle (alpha
rays) at very tiny gold foil
 Most of the particle straight through
the foil, few of these particle (1 in
8000) deflected)
 Rutherford have the idea “gold atom
must be mostly empty space”
 https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electro
mag/java/rutherford/
 Atomic Model Development
New model for the atom (Rutherford)
 Atoms have a central nucleus. Most of mass
of an atom is in its nucleus (positive charge)
 The nucleus surrounded by big empty space
in which electron move
Niels Bohr
 Electrons move in orbits/ shells

James Chadwick
 Nucleus contains protons and neutrons
Elements Symbol in The
Periodic Table
Atomic number
(number of proton = number of
electron)
 Mass number
(number of proton + number of
neutron)
 How are electrons
 Electrons whizz aroundarranged?
an atom outside its nucleus, the electrons
occupy shells / energy levels / orbits.
 First shell can hold up : 2 electrons
 Second shell can hold up : 8 electrons
 Electrons fill the first shell (closest to the nucleus)
 The other electrons occupies the second shell
 How many electrons per shell?
Each shell has a maximum number of electrons that it can hold. Electrons will
fill the shells nearest the nucleus first.
1st shell holds
a maximum of
2 electrons

2nd shell holds

a maximum of
8 electrons

3rd shell holds

a maximum of
8 electrons

This electron arrangement is written as 2,8,8.

 Trends in Periodic Table

 Elements in the same column : groups,

 Elements in the same row : period
 These elements have some properties in common
 Trends in Periodic Table
Group 1 (Alkali metals)
Element Atomic number Mass number Melting point Boiling point
(ºC) (ºC)
Lithium (Li) 3 7 180 1360
Sodium (Na) 11 23 98 900
Potassium (K) 19 39 63 777
Rubidium (Rb) 37 85,5 ? ?
Caesium (Cs) 55 132,9 ? ?

 The elements in group 1 react more “vigorously / strong reaction” with water as you go
down the group
 Atomic number and mass number increase as you go down the group
 Melting point and boiling point decrease as you go down the group
 Can you write the electronic structure elements in group 1? What the similarity?
 Trends in Periodic Table
Group 1 (Alkali Metal)
Uses in every daily life
 Lithium : battery component
 Sodium : salt component
 Potassium : fertilizers, found in banana
 Trends in Periodic Table
Group 7 (The Halogens)
Element Atomic Mass Melting Boiling Colour State at
number number point (ºC) point (ºC) 25 °C
Fluorine (F) 9 19 - 220 - 188 Pale yellow Gas
Chlorine (Cl) 17 35 - 101 - 34 Yellowish green Gas
Bromine (Br) 35 80 -7 59 Brown Liquid
Iodine (I) 53 127 Solid
Astatine (At) 85 210 ?

 Are the halogens metals or non-metals?

 What is the trend in melting point and boiling point of this groups?
 The most reactive of these elements is fluorine, then chlorine, bromine is the least reactive
of the three
 Can you write the electronic structure elements in group 7? What the similarity?
 Trends in Periodic Table
Group 7 (The Halogens)
Uses in every daily life
 Fluorine : Tooth Paste (Most well known use). Helps make your teeth
whiter and not decay
 Chlorine : Compounds are used in insecticides, fireworks, Swimming
pools, bleacher
 Bromine : Pesticides, photography (blitz lamp)
 Iodine : Medicine,
 Trends in Periodic Table
Group 8 (The Noble gases)
Element Atomic number Mass number Melting point Boiling point
(ºC) (ºC)
Helium (He) 2 4 - 270 - 269
Neon (Ne) 10 20 - 249 - 246
Argon (Ar) 18 40 - 189 - 186
Krypton (Kr) 36 84 ? ?
Xenon (Xe) 54 131 ? ?

 Noble gas they are all gases

 They are inert (unreactive), the outer shell is full (8 electron)
 What is the trend in melting point and boiling point of this groups?
 Can you write the electronic structure elements in group 8? What the
similarity?
 Trends in Periodic Table
Group 8 (The Noble gases)
Uses in every daily life
 Helium : Helium is used to fill balloons, SCUBA divers carry helium because it eases the
intake of oxygen in a high-pressure environment. The tank is filled up with 80% helium and
20% oxygen
 Neon : Advertising signs: Most of the neon we harvest goes to creating advertising signs.
When you run electricity through a tube filled with neon gas, it glows.
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