Valence Electron outermost electrons

atom
->
OF an

valence electrons are those in the

highest energy level s and p orbitals -
-
--

↓
subparticle

only. #: # proton
atomic 17 = I
electron
proton

?I n ucl e us
I
f neutron
on 17 3
O
# = 2
13
-

↑denotes denotes
theQuanta
on
&
number
I d2NOteme
st eMe 10 I 5

OFDApro
#

17p
the
O O g ofcron 7179
i

=
= =

8
2 &
orbitals/shell
↓ - 1st
3rdenergy energy
Y 2nd
10 C 15
electron configuration level level
C
12
energy
leve
5
Example
What is the Valence shell electron of Carbon?

2so
2 2
C : 1s
2
- 2p
O
add the superscript: 2+2= 4 ve
Example
What is the Valence shell electron of Oxygen?

0
2 o
4
O : 1s 2s 2p
2
..

add the superscript: 2+4= O

6 ve
Example
What is the Valence shell electron of Arsenic?

Ar⑲ :1s8 2 2 6 2
2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p
- >
6 10 2 3

add the superscript: 2+3= 5 ve

-
Try me!
What is the Valence shell electron of Beryllium?
Try me!
What is the Valence shell electron of Beryllium?

B : 1s 2sO
2
O 2
O
e
-

superscript: 2 ve
①

②
888 2V.e

I
-

d
O
-
-
O
-

-
-

-.

- -
Noble Gases
are nonreactive, nonmetallic elements in group 18 of the periodic table. As
you can see on the periodic table in the figure below, noble gases include
helium (He) , neon (Ne) , argon (Ar) , krypton (Kr) , xenon (Xe) , and radon
(Rn) .
 Octet Rule
The octet rule refers to the tendency of
atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the
valence shell. When atoms have fewer than
eight electrons, they tend to react and form
more stable compounds.
Chemical bond
attraction between atoms,
ions, or molecules that
enables the formation of
chemical compound.
3 common types of
chemical bond
IONIC BOND
COVALENT BOND

METALLIC BOND
Ionic Bond
An ionic bond is the electrostatic force that holds the
metals and nonmetals in an ionic compound.

Ag Cl silver chloride

Mg I2 Magnesium Iodide

Na Cl Sodium Chloride
 how metals
and
nonmetals
connected to each other ?
 Na Cl
Sodium Chloride
11 17

Na
Sodium
Cl
Chlorine
22.99 35.45

deceasedcation Na

+
Cl

-
anion

ions
 Na Cl
Sodium Chloride
11 17

Na
Sodium
Cl
Chlorine
22.99 35.45
2 2 6
-O
1s 2s 2p 3s
1 2
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
2 6 2 5

⑭ I

I 3
- is -2

18 1st
*
7

O
11p 17p
I
a

2
3-
- end 7 3

⑧ I

S
P
-3rd C 4

5
I
 Na Cl
11
Sodium Chloride 17

Na
Sodium
Cl
Chlorine
22.99 35.45
2 2 6 1 2 2 6 2 5
1s 2s 2p 3s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

ionic
11p
17p
 Na Cl
11
Sodium Chloride 17

Na
Sodium
Cl
Chlorine
22.99 35.45
2 2 6 1 2 2 6 2 5
1s 2s 2p 3s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

11p 17p
 Na Cl
11
Sodium Chloride 17

Na
Sodium
Cl
Chlorine
22.99 35.45
2 2 6 1 2 2 6 2 5
1s 2s 2p 3s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

+ -
11p
Na Cl 17p

11 protons +charge 17 protons -charge

10 electrons Cation 18 electrons Anion
 so why electrons
move from
sodium to chlorine?
 Na Cl
Sodium Chloride
11 17

Na
Sodium
Cl
Chloride
22.99 35.45

11p 17p

Electronegativity
Electronegativity
The tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract the
shared pair of electrons towards itself is known as
electronegativity.
L R
T

Bl
Covalent Bond
it is the bond formed between atoms by the sharing of
electrons.
How many electrons
need to be shared
to form a
Covalent bond?
Single Covalent Bond (sigma bond of

In a single bond, two atoms are held together by

one electron Opair.
..
-
2v.e.

⑭
EXAMPLE
Flourine Molecule
Fl Fl

2 2 5 2 2 5
1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p

9p 9p
EXAMPLE
Flourine Molecule
Fl Fl

9p 9p

Fl Fl
Sharing one pair of electron
Double Covalent Bond
Many compounds are held together by multiple bonds, that is,
bonds formed when two atoms share two or more pairs of
electrons. If two atoms share two pairs of electrons, the
covalent bond is called a double bond.

O
↳ 4v.e.
EXAMPLE
Oxygen (diatomic)
O O

2 2 4 2 2 4
1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p

6p 6p
EXAMPLE
Oxygen (diatomic)
O O

8p 8p

O O
Sharing two pairs of electron
Triple Covalent Bond
A triple bond arises when two atoms
share three pairs of electrons.

O
↳
EXAMPLE
Nitrogen
N N

2 2 3 2 2 3
1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p

7p 7p
EXAMPLE
Nitrogen
N N

7p 7p

N N
Sharing 3 pairs of electron
 COVALENT BOND
Polar covalent
Bonding electrons Shared un
H F
equally between two atoms.
..

-
--

Nonpolar covalent

Bonding electrons Shared

equally between two atoms. H H
-
NOTE:
Predict the type of bond that will form
between two elements by comparing
their electronegativities.
Difference in Electronegativity
IONIC: >2.0-4.0
POLAR COVALENT >0.5-1.9
NONPOLAR COVALENT <0.5
....
Example
Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar covalent, or
nonpolar covalent:
(a) the bond in HCl,
(b) the bond in KF, and
(c) the CC bond in H3CCH3
Example
Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar covalent, or non

polarcovalent:
C H
O
(a) the bond in HCl, 3.0-2.1=0.9 Potent
(b) the bond in KF, and 4.0-0.8=3.2
-
ionic
-.
band

(c) the CC bond in H3CCH 3 2.5-2.5=0 polar covalent

non
--
Lewis Structure
A Lewis Structure is a very simplified representation of the
valence shell electrons in a molecule.
It is used to show how the electrons are arranged around
individual atoms in a molecule.
Electrons are shown as "dots" or for bonding electrons
as a line between the two atoms.
The goal is to obtain the "best" electron configuration,
i.e. the octet rule and formal charges need to be
satisfied.
 How to draw
Lewis Diagram ?
 lone composed of 2v.e.
pair
-

C O
⑧
a.

⑤
⑳ ⑧ O
⑤ ⑧

⑧ o
⑳

H N
⑧
⑧

⑧
⑧

⑳
Steps for drawing a Lewis diagram
1. Count all the Valence Electron
2. Determine the Central atom
(the element there is only one of)
3. Draw single bonds to central atoms
4. Put all remaining Valence electrons
on atoms as lone pairs. - ·
2v.e

5. turn lone pairs into double or triple

bond to give every atom an octet.
Example Draw the Lewis Diagram of H 2O

Grp#
*
O 1s
H 2 : 1

2 2 4
1x2= 2
V.e
I

It
O : 1s 2s 2p 6x1= 6
TOTAL: O
8 ve
2. Determine the Central atom (the element
there is only one of)

H O H
Example Draw the Lewis Diagram of H 2O

3. Draw single bonds to central atoms

ev.2 2v.e
2 sigma band

H O*I
H ↳ 4v.e.

4. Put all remaining Valence electrons on

atoms as lone pairs.

=O
TOTAL: 8 ve-4ve= 4
H O H
5. turn lone pairs into double or triple bond to give every
atom an octet.
Example Write the Lewis structure for nitrogen trifluoride (NF 3) in
which all three F atoms are bonded to the N atom.

1. Count all the Valence Electron

·
2 2 3
N : 1s 2s 2p 5x1= 5
2 5
F3 : 1s 2s 2p
2
7x3= 21
TOTAL: 26 ve
2. Determine the Central atom (the element there is only
one of)

F N F
F
Example Write the Lewis structure for nitrogen trifluoride (NF 3) in
which all three F atoms are bonded to the N atom.
3. Draw single bonds to central atoms
3 sigma o

F N F ↳
Cv.e.

F
4. Put all remaining Valence electrons on atoms
as lone pairs.
fre
TOTAL: 26 ve-6 ve= 20
...

·
F N F
..
..
&
·

60

- 5. turn lone pairs into double or triple bond to give every

atom an octet.
Example Write the Lewis structure for SO 3

1. Count all the Valence Electron

V.C

S : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
2 2 6 2 4

It
-- 6x1= 6
O0-
2
3 : 1s 2s 2p
2 4
6x3= 18
Jt V.e

TOTAL:O
24 ve
2. Determine the Central atom (the element there is only
one of)
O
O S O
Example Write the Lewis structure for SO 3

3. Draw single bonds to central atoms

O Esigma o

↳C v.e.

O S O
4. Put all remaining Valence electrons on atoms
as lone pairs.
TOTAL: 24 ve- 6 ve= 18
- . . .

* O
i
O S O

5. turn lone pairs into double or triple bond to give every

atom an octet.
Example Write the Lewis structure for SO 3

5. turn lone pairs into double or triple bond to give every

atom an octet.

O
O S O
0-

2 O
r

27 O S O
Ya
Try me! Write the Lewis structure of Carbon disulfide
CS2

c -
+ 4x1= 4 is c s:
5 -

6X2=12 2 sigma bond

-

16 v.e. ↳ 4v.2.

e
I

12 V.C
12
E
Try me! Write the Lewis structure of Carbon disulfide
CS2
1. Count all the Valence Electron
2 2
C : 1s 2s 2p
2
4x1= 4
S2 : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
2 2 6 2 4
6x2= 12
TOTAL: 16 ve
2. Determine the Central atom (the element there is only
one of)

S C S
Try me! Write the Lewis structure of Carbon disulfide
CS
3. Draw single bonds to central atoms

S C S
4. Put all remaining Valence electrons on atoms
as lone pairs.
TOTAL: 16 ve- 4 ve= 12 lone pair

S C S

5. turn lone pairs into double or triple bond to give every

atom an octet.
Example Write the Lewis structure for CS 2

5. turn lone pairs into double or triple bond to give every

atom an octet.

S C S

S C S
Example Write the Lewis structure for Carbonate ion CO3
O
2-

1. Count all the Valence Electron

V.C.
2 2
C : 1s 2s 2p
2
4x1= 4
2 4
OO
3 : 1s 2s 2p
2 V.e

6x3= 18+2
Do
TOTAL: ·xxA=
24 ve 24v.e.

2. Determine the Central atom (the element there is only

one of)
O
O C O
Example Write the Lewis structure for Carbonate ion CO3
2-

3. Draw single bonds to central atoms

O
3 sigma o

-CV.e.

O C O
4. Put all remaining Valence electrons on atoms
as lone pairs.
--
TOTAL: 24 ve- 6 ve= 18 lone pair
O
nin
O C ⑲
O

5. turn lone pairs into double or triple bond to give every

atom an octet.
Example Write the Lewis structure for Carbonate ion CO3
2-

5. turn lone pairs into double or triple bond to give every

atom an octet.

O
O
0-
C O

2-
O
O C O
Formal Charge
An atom’s formal charge is the electrical charge

difference between the valence electrons in an isolated

atom and the number of electrons assigned to that atom

in a Lewis structure.
The formal charge is calculated by:
(group number of atom) - (½ number of bonding electrons) -
(number of lone pair electrons)
Example Write the Formal charges for
O N O
O
The formal charge is calculated by:
(group number of atom) - (½ number of bonding electrons) - (number of lone pair electrons)

O = -1
so the Formal charges:
+1
O =0 0
O N O
-1

N = +1 O -1
Example Write the Formal charges for

S C S
The formal charge is calculated by:
(group number of atom) - (½ number of bonding electrons) - (number of lone pair electrons)

S =0
so the Formal charges:

C =0 0 0 0

S C S
Try me! Write the Formal charges for

H O H
 Try me! Write the Formal charges for

H O H
The formal charge is calculated by:
(group number of atom) - (½ number of bonding electrons) - (number of lone pair electrons)

H =0
so the Formal charges:
0
0 0
O =0 H O H
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
is the general shape of a molecule, as
single
bond
- signa
o determined by the relative positions of the
bond atomic nuclei.
CH<I

VALENCE-SHELL ELECTRON-PAIR REPULSION (VSEPR)

8-t+%-
model – predicts
--
the shapes of molecules and ions by H
H -
C -

assuming that the valence-shell electron pairs are ·,c/o

-.

-..
-

arranged
- -
about each atom so that electron pairs are
kept as far away from one another as possible, thus
- - -

minimizing electron-pair repulsions.

----
VSEPR POSTULATE
1. **BPELP
Molecular shape can be determined by the number ⑧if
electron pairs present.
..

2. Electron pairs tend to repel one another.

3. Electron pairs arrange themselves to minimize the
repulsion between them.
4. The valence or outermost electron shell is assumed to
be spherical.
 G

CO2 O =CO BP:2 O

sma bond

VSEPR POSTULATE
ewordagma
bond

#
5. Multiple bonds are accounted as single electron pairs, and
d
boned electron pairs as a single pair.
6. Lone pair electrons have the maximum repulsion, and bond
pair electrons the minimum.
7. All electron pairs assume positions of least repulsion.
8. Repulsive interaction of electron pairs is greatest between
lone pairs and least between bond pairs:o bond pair-bond
owcpair < lone pair- bond pair < lone pair- lone pair.
 VSEPR

NHz H20
CH4

atre
the
O>189.50 -800 axis I s

- Co O-8
paired
Bond pain lone-pair
> one
Bon > F
lone-pair vs. lone pair
pair pair repulsion
repulsion
lone-pair vs. bonding
pair repulsion
epulsion
#
bonding-pair vs. bonding
pair repulsion
one
VSEPR
Co
O
VSEPR
0 o
 CO2
EXAMPLE 1:
2 4X1
- =
4

BeF2
0 6X2 =
ot2v.e
-

Kee
~N

or 8 :F-Be -

t
=
:

BP: 2
.. r.He -

↓ d LP: O
:
OF CEO: Be 2x1
= =
2e= -

O
total 2
Fz 7X2 =
=
BP: 2 =
no. GF

LP:02 -

16 a
pair

to
re
ta
 EXAMPLE 1:

BeF2

000
-
 EXAMPLE 1:

BF3
-

M
S
·
BP-2
LP-I
:F:
I
... & -
3

SO 2
:0. O·
-
A-Trigonal B
Planar
-
-. -

: F F:
-.

6 -
6X1 = x2- ..

02:6X2 ze -
Bp: 3
B -

3x1 = 3e- 182-

R
Fb -

7x3 =
27 res
the
242-
12-
-
18 e
 EXAMPLE 2:

BF3
SO 2

-00 O
-0 O
O 17

x X
 EXAMPLE 3:
CH4
H
BP 4
C BOF a
=

(p &
H

. H-H."HT Cb-mE
0
=

NH 3 71.
-

H 2O C 4X1= 4
5g N=5x1 H 1x2 22=
-
-
=

H 9X4 =
O-6xtc H 1x3 32-
- =

8e ⑧e
02
Ge -

O 2e-
 EXAMPLE 3:
CH4
NH 3
H 2O
 :ii. .
BP: 5
P 5x1
-
5
=

1-C1: O

EXAMPLE 4:
<p:-
:i -
p xci. 5

(15 -
7X5 =25 I -

402 :C1:
10

PCl 5
2
-
302

XeFz: -
:F BP = 4
5..- F:(p
:
F
-

1
=
Xe 8x1 82

SF4
=
= ~

I
Gee'
= 5:6x1 =

Fc 7x2 F.:
.
=

222 F4 7X4
=
=
8e

ClF3
4e
F18
⑫
-
2
342-
o
Bp-2 62 262
LP 24e

XeF2
C
5

*(1 -
7x1 7
=

Fz 7x3
=

= 21
- -.

ific. BP-3 282.

LP- 2 -
'F.:
.. ~
-.
I 222
 - Fi
·

3 =6x1 be- iF-s-F.

EXAMPLE 5:
=
·

F6 7Xb ==
H.E.:
48e-
-

BP -
C
E

SF6
L
362
-

IF5
I7x1
=
= 7 iF:

F-l-F:
&

BP 5
-
: =

F: 7X5=55 -\ (p = O
422- :F: iF. C

XeF4
↓
3227

- -
O C
F:
Xe = 8X1 = 8 Exer -

F4
....
7X4 =
= 28:F: · F·
-- -

362
Bp 4 =

82
-
28y LP=2
~
C
242
- -

x e
 TRY ME:
PCl3
3 = 6x1 0
p 5x1= 52:
=
=

F2 :
7X2
=
14

SF2
213 7x3 21t
-
= =

-.
200
42
262
-

-
I le-
CI:
t-s-F
↓

:H-p-cl: e
I
re BP = 2

*
22
-
-

Lp:
arrangement: tetrahedral
BP =
3
arrangement: tetrahedral mol
geom: Bent
LP=1 Mol grom.:
trigonal
4 pyramidal
 TRY ME:
BrF5 Br =

F 7x5 =5
7x1 = 7e= SCK

SCl4
=
S -
xx1 = 0

424-
·Fi Cp 7xy28
=

a. 7.. B 34y7
E-Br-F. :ci..je1.
·
-

32e-
BP 5 =
I - S 2(y
F::E.
~

[p 1 ·
22-
: 21:
-

E ·

BP =
4
arrangement: octahedral
[P = 1
Mol geom: square trig unal
anange next:
pyramidal Bipyraboa
Mol gean: see-saw
Quiz #P

p
...

least
electronegative
 SOLID STATE
CLASSIFICATION
 SOLIDS
A solid consists of structural units – atoms, molecules or ions – that are attracted to
one another strongly enough to give a rigid substance.
One way to classify solids is by the type of force holding the structural units
together.

Molecular Solid

Metallic Solid

Ionic Solid

Covalent Network Solid

 SOLIDS
Solids can also be classified as crystalline or amorphous.

A crystalline solid is composed of one or more crystals; each crystal has a well-
defined ordered structure in three dimensions.
e.g. sodium chloride (table salt), sucrose (table sugar), metals

An amorphous solid has a disordered structure; it lacks the well-defined

arrangement of basic units (atoms, molecules, or ions) found in a crystal.
e.g. glass, obsidian
 CRYSTALS
A crystal lattice is the geometric arrangement
of lattice points of a crystal, in which we choose

H
one lattice point at the same location within
each of the basic units of the crystal.

The unit cell of a crystal is the smallest boxlike

unit (each box having faces that are
parallelograms) from which you can imagine
constructing a crystal by stacking the units in
three dimensions.
 CRYSTALS
There are seven basic shapes possible for unit cells, which give rise to the
seven crystal systems used to classify crystals. A crystal belonging to a
given crystal system has a unit cell with one of the seven shapes.

#
a bc
=
=

a b+
= C
 CRYSTALS
There are seven basic shapes possible for unit cells, which give rise to the
seven crystal systems used to classify crystals. A crystal belonging to a
given crystal system has a unit cell with one of the seven shapes.

~
 CRYSTALS
Most of the crystal systems have more than one possible crystal lattice.
A simple lattice has a unit cell in which there are lattice points only at the
corners of the unit cell. Other lattices in the same crystal system have
additional lattice points either within the body of the unit cell or on faces
of the unit cell.
 CUBIC UNIT CELLS
The cubic crystal system has three possible cubic unit cells.

4
2
9

088
O

·
O O

O
O O O
O &

O
O O
O ①
O O
(8) + 1 + 1 + 1 4atom
Y* (8) 1 atom
J (8) +1 Zatom
= = =
 CUBIC UNIT CELLS
Example 7:
How many atoms are there in the simple cubic, body centered cubic and
face centered cubic unit cell of an atomic crystal having one atom at
each lattice point?

↳C * -
%(8) = 1atom (8) 9 2atom
+
=

(0) +1 +1+1 =
4atom
 ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR

APF=(Volume of atom in unit cell)/(Volume of unit cell)

Vsphere: Fr3
Example 8:
Calculate the APF for a simple cubic structure
V xWXH
=9atom(g*πr") -

I
*
varmunix
=

X
=XXXXX cell

O VI X

Kar
B

vabe (2r)3
=

5
x
0.523U
X =
X

2r
 ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR

APF=(Volume of atom in unit cell)/(Volume of unit cell)

Example 8:
~
2 atom ⑭R
Calculate the APF for a BCC 12 x-
=
+ x-
2atom(4/3 πr 3)

AE.0...NoorNNfor
Vatoal -
-.

vcube
Bz V
*

X
1r
-3
 ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR

APF=(Volume of atom in unit cell)/(Volume of unit cell)

Example 8:
Calculate the APF for a FCC Paton

x =
r
(πr3)
APF
(58r)3
= 16/3 π 0.7405 -
-
-

*051 x tr
1082r3
=
 STRUCTURES OF SOME CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
Molecular Solids; Closest Packing

The simplest molecular solids are the frozen noble gases. The
molecules are single atoms, and the intermolecular interactions are
London forces.
The maximal attraction is obtained when each atom is surrounded
by the largest possible number of other atoms.
 STRUCTURES OF SOME CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
Molecular Solids; Closest Packing

When the spheres in the third layer are placed in the x sites, so
that the third layer repeats the first layer, we label the stacking
ABA. 000
When successive layers are placed so that the spheres of each
2003
layer are directly over a layer that is one layer away, you get a
stacking that you label ABABABA. CLC

The result is a hexagonal close-packed structure (hcp), a crystal

...-
structure composed of close-packed atoms (or other units) with the
stacking 𝐴𝐵𝐴𝐵𝐴𝐵𝐴 . . . ; the structure has a o
....
hexagonal unit cell.
STRUCTURES OF SOME CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
Molecular Solids; Closest Packing

0 =
 STRUCTURES OF SOME CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
000000

W L
ooooo
Molecular Solids; Closest Packing
808at
000000
0000
OO
O

00ooo
When the spheres in the third layer are placed in the
- ...
⑦ y sites,
so that the third layer is over neither the first nor the second
-----
layer, you get a stacking ABC.
- 00
-

The fourth layer must be over either the A or the B layer. If

----
000
subsequent layers are stacked so that they are over the layer
two layers below, you get the stacking ABCABCABCA . . .,
which results in a cubic
-
close-packed structure (ccp), a
crystal structure composed of close-packed atoms (or other Y
units) with the stacking ABCABCABCA . . . FCC
....
STRUCTURES OF SOME CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
Molecular Solids; Closest Packing
Many of the metallic elements have either cubic or hexagonal closed-
packed crystals.

Each atom in a body-centered lattice has a coordination number of 8,

~
-

rather than the 12 of each atom in a close-packed lattice.

----.
 UNIT CELL DIMENSION

SC -latom
O
x: 2R

x: I Bac-2aTOM
VER
Fac-4 atom
x =
NR

13
6.022X
Imole:
atoms
 Example 11:
co
When silver crystallizes, it forms face-centered cubic cells. The unit cell
edge length is 409 pm. Calculate the density of silver.
(atom of 4
107.839/m
FCC =
atoms
pA=
=

X * 409 pm UN
2
=

Ag =y C40aMx
Nom
om)3(02x10 C
107.89/mo ⑭
Atomic weight
=

3
p =
10.59/cm3
Vcube= x
 3) Hatom: 50 =9 A 2p
vcube
=

=
X
B22:2 x 4/3 p
=

F(2 yX = N8V
=

Example 12: ↑FCC

O
The atomic radius of Pb is 174 pm, using the cubic closest packing
--

structure. What is the edge length of the unit cell and the density in
--

g/cm^3? 3
gl
Venbe p 07.2
X
= nA =

=
174 pro -

VNA
Q =
r
#
3
1073
(492.15cm) 3(6.022X oms

x=
mx inthe
N (174 -

m) * Gglcm3
15 cm
 #"PrI
Example 13: r
FCC
Gold (Au) crystalizes in cubic close-packed structure and has a density
of 19.3 g/cm^3. Calculate the atomic radius of gold in picometer.
4atom (197glmoe
v r
v

p 19.3g/cm3 p nA
19.39
=

density: =x -
=

v ( 6.022x102,
ONAV atoms
S
x retn
F79X eme
volume:
cube
(0 =
3
v=
4(N)
mol

Ca
=
n 4 atoms

-19.3.m3)(6.012x1033atonesS
=

4.08x10-CM Edan O X N8 r =

i
x =
the - V 67.79x10-24cm3
=

1x10" pre V6.779x10- 23cm3 r

=58cm 10*x- -
=

0
1.44 X
I
Are
-

v =

km
No
You can determine the structure and dimensions of a unit cell by diffraction
-......

methods. Once you know the unit-cell dimensions and the structure of a crystal,
----

however, some interesting calculations are possible.

-...

E
Example 14:
*

X-ray diffraction from crystals provides one of the most accurate ways of
...

determining Avogadro’s number. Silver crystallizes in a face-centered cubic

lattice with all atoms at the lattice points. The length of an edge of the unit cell
was determined by x-ray diffraction to be 408.6 pm (4.086 Å).
The density of silver is 10.50 g/cm^3. Calculate the mass of a silver atom. Then,
using the known value of the atomic mass, calculate Avogadro’s number.
Example 14:
->

Wo
6.012x1023 -
atoms

Mol

X-ray diffraction from crystals provides one of the most accurate ways of
determining Avogadro’s number. Silver crystallizes in a face-centered cubic
lattice with all atoms at the lattice points. The length of an edge of the unit cell
was determined by x-ray diffraction to be 408.6 pm (4.086 Å).
The density of silver is 10.50 g/cm^3. Calculate the mass of a silver atom. Then,
using the known value of the atomic mass, calculate Avogadro’s-
number.
D x 408.0
=
ple
1cm 1x10% pr
V x3
=
p
x
=mass
-.

volume
& = 10.50
=

g/cm3
MAg 1
No. of more (mte)
9
8
Mass Px Veube
=

MAg
=

Ia
= ..

Atomic weight (glmote)