Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture
Outline
See separate Image PowerPoint slides for
all figures and tables pre-inserted into
PowerPoint without notes.
14-1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 14
14-2
Periodic Patterns in the Main-Group Elements
14-3
Hydrogen
14-4
Hydrogen and the Alkali Metals
14-5
Hydrogen and Group 4A
14-6
Hydrogen and the Halogens
14-7
Highlights of Hydrogen Chemistry
14-8
Anomalous Behavior in Period 2
Anomalous behavior in some Period 2 elements is due to
their relatively small size and small number of valence
orbitals.
Lithium is the only element in Period 2 that forms a simple
oxide and nitride.
14-9
Anomalous Behavior in Period 2
14-10
Group 1A(1): The Alkali Metals Family Portrait
KEY ATOMIC PROPERTIES, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, AND REACTIONS
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-11
Family Portrait
GROUP 1A(1): REACTIONS
• Alkali metals are powerful reducing agents.
– They always occur in nature as +1 cations rather than as free
metals.
• Alkali metals reduce halogens to form ionic solids:
– 2E(s) + X2 → 3EX(s) (X = F, Cl, Br, I and E is the alkali metal).
• Alkali metals react vigorously with H2O:
– 2E(s) + H2O(l) → 2E+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + H2(g)
• Alkali metals reduce H2 to form ionic hydrides.
– 2E(s) + H2(g) → 2EH(s)
• Alkali metals reduce O2 in air, and tarnish rapidly.
14-12
Properties of the Alkali Metals
14-13
Figure 14.1 Lattice energies of the Group 1A(1) and 2A(2) chlorides.
Lattice energy increases as the size of the cation decreases and its
charge increases.
14-14
Group 2A(2): The Alkaline Earth Metals
14-15
Group 2A(2): The Alkaline Earth Metals Family Portrait
KEY ATOMIC PROPERTIES, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, AND REACTIONS
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-16
Family Portrait
GROUP 2A(2) REACTIONS
• The metals reduce O2 to form oxides:
– 3E(s) + O2(g) → 3EO(s)
14-17
Family Portrait
14-18
Figure 14.2 Three diagonal relationships in the periodic table.
14-19
Group 3A(13): The Boron Family Family Portrait
KEY ATOMIC PROPERTIES, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, AND REACTIONS
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-20
Family Portrait
GROUP 3A(13) REACTIONS
– Tl forms Tl2O
14-21
Influence of Transition Elements on
Group 3A(13)
14-22
Features of Group 3A(13) Elements
14-23
Figure 14.3 The dimeric structure of gaseous aluminum chloride.
14-24
Group 4A(14): The Carbon Family Family Portrait
KEY ATOMIC PROPERTIES, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, AND REACTIONS
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-25
Family Portrait
GROUP 4A(14): REACTIONS
• The Group 4A(14) elements are oxidized by halogens:
– E(s) + 2X2 → EX4 (E = C, Si, Ge)
– The +2 halides are more stable for tin and lead, SnX2 and PbX2.
• The elements are oxidized by O2:
– E(s) + O2(g) → EO2 (E = C, S, Ge, Sn)
– Pb forms the +2 oxide, PbO.
• Oxides become more basic down the group.
• Hydrocarbons react with O2:
– CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
• Silica is reduced to form elemental silicon:
– SiO2(s) + 2C(s) → Si(s) + 2CO(g)
14-26
Table 14.1 Bond Type and the Melting Process in Groups 3A(13)
to 5A(15)
14-27
Allotropes
14-28
Figure 14.4 Phase diagram of carbon.
14-29
Figure 14.5 Crystalline buckminsterfullerene and a buckyball (A)
and nanotubes (B).
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Nanotubes
14-30
Bonding in Group 4A(14) Compounds
14-31
Carbon in Organic Chemistry
The large number and wide variety of organic compounds
is due to the ability of C to bond to itself, and to form
multiple bonds.
14-32
Figure 14.6 Three of the several million known organic
compounds of carbon.
14-33
Inorganic Compounds of Carbon
Carbon bonds with oxygen to form carbonates. Metal
carbonates such as CaCO3 are abundant in minerals.
14-34
Freon-12 (CCl2F2), a chlorofluorocarbon.
14-35
Highlights of Silicon Chemistry
O Si O Si O Si O
14-36
Figure 14.7 Structures of the silicate anions in some minerals.
14-37
Group 5A(15) Elements
14-38
Group 5A(15): The Nitrogen Family Family Portrait
KEY ATOMIC PROPERTIES, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, AND REACTIONS
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-39
Family Portrait
GROUP 5A(15) REACTIONS
14-40
Family Portrait
GROUP 5A(15) REACTIONS
• Oxoacids are formed from the halides in a reaction with
water:
– EX3 + 3H2O(l) → H3EO3(aq) + 3HX(aq) (E = all except N)
– EX5 + 4H2O(l) → H3EO4(aq) + 5HX(aq) (E = all except N and Bi)
14-41
Figure 14.8 Two allotropes of phosphorous.
Red phosphorous
14-42
Patterns of Behavior in Group 5A(15)
14-43
Oxides of Nitrogen
• Nitrogen forms six stable oxides. Hf for all six oxides is
positive because of the great strength of the NΞN bond.
• NO is produced by the oxidation of ammonia:
– 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) +6H2O(g)
– This is the first step in the production of nitric acid.
• NO is converted to 2 other oxides by heating:
Δ
3NO(g) N2O(g) + NO2(g)
14-44
Table 14.2 Structures and Properties of the Nitrogen Oxides
14-45
Nitrogen Oxoacids and Oxoanions
• Nitric acid (HNO3) is produced by the Ostwald process:
– The third step is 3NO2(g) + H2O (l) → 2HNO3 + NO(g)
14-46
Figure 14.9 The structures of nitric and nitrous acids and their
oxoanions.
14-47
Figure 14.10 Important oxides of phosphorous.
14-48
Oxoacids of Phosphorus
2-
O O O
- OH-
OH
HO P + HO P - H+ O P
H -H H H
HO O O
H3PO3 has only two acidic H atoms; the third is bonded to the
central P and does not dissociate.
2- 3-
O O O O
OH - OH - OH-
P P HO P P
HO + HO - H+ - H+ O
OH - H O O O
HO HO O O
14-49
Group 6A(16) Elements
14-50
Group 6A(16): The Oxygen Family Family Portrait
KEY ATOMIC PROPERTIES, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, AND REACTIONS
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-51
Family Portrait
GROUP 6A(16) REACTIONS
• Halides are formed by direct combination:
– E(s) + X2(g) → various halides (E = S, Se, Te; X = F, Cl)
• The other elements in the group are oxidized by O2:
– E(s) + O2(g) → EO2 (E = S, Se, Te, Po)
• SO2 is oxidized further:
– 2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2SO3(g)
• The thiosulfate ion is formed when an alkali metal sulfite
reacts with sulfur:
– S8(g) + 8Na2SO3(s) → 8Na2S2O3(aq)
14-52
Allotropes in the Oxygen Family
14-53
Figure 14.11 The cyclo-S8 molecule.
14-54
Hydrides of the Oxygen Family
• Oxygen forms two hydrides:
– water (H2O) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
– H2O2 contains oxygen in a -1 oxidation state.
• The hydrides of the other 6A elements are foul-smelling,
poisonous gases.
– H2S forms naturally in swamps from the breakdown of organic
matter and is as toxic as HCN.
• H2O and H2O2 can form H bonds, and therefore have
higher melting and boiling points than other H2E
compounds.
• Hydride bond angles decrease and bond lengths increase
down the group.
14-55
Halides of the Oxygen Family
14-56
Highlights of Sulfur Chemistry
14-57
Group 7A(17): The Halogens Family Portrait
KEY ATOMIC PROPERTIES, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, AND REACTIONS
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-58
Family Portrait
GROUP 7A(17) REACTIONS
14-59
Reactivity of the Halogens
14-60
Figure 14.12 Bond energies and bond lengths of the halogens.
14-61
Figure 14.13 The relative oxidizing ability of the halogens.
14-62
Figure 14.13 continued
14-64
Table 14.4 The Known Halogen Oxoacids*
14-65
Relative Strength of Halogen Oxoacids
14-66
Group 8A(18): The Noble Gases Family Portrait
KEY ATOMIC PROPERTIES, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, AND REACTIONS
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-67
Noble Gases
14-68