Main groups in the Modern Periodic

Table
What are the properties of some main
groups in the modern periodic table?
Some of the main groups in the periodic table are characterized by
specific names due to their properties such as:

• Alkali metals.

• Halogens.

• Inert gases.
Alkali metals group (group 1A)
Alkali metals group (group 1A )
Location:
Left side of the modern periodic table.

Lithium (3Li)
Sodium (11Na)
Potassium (19K)
Rubidium ( 37Rb)
Cesium (55Cs)
Francium(87Fr)

Frist group of s-block.

 General properties of alkali metals:

Physical properties Chemical properties

They are properties that are They are properties that are
observed and measured without observed and measured by changing
.changing the identity of the sample .the chemical identity of the sample
Physical Properties of Alkali metals

Solids at Have Good Have low

ordinary metallic conductors densities
temperature luster of heat and
electricity
Most of alkali metals have low densities.
Lithium, Sodium Rubidium and
and potassium. Cesium

Less dense Water More dense

than water density
than water

Float on
water surface Sink in water
Chemical Properties of Alkali metals
Contain 1 G
Monovalent elements. R
electron in their M Lose 1e
-
M+ + e-
outermost energy
level. Alkali metal Positive ion electron
They tend to
lose their
valence electron
forming positive
ions, each of
them carries
one positive
charge.
Chemical Properties of Alkali metals
Chemically active Their chemical activity
elements. increases as the atomic G
Kept under kerosene number increases. R
except lithium kept Due to the
under paraffin oil. increase in
G
their atomic
To prevent R size, so they
their can lose the
reactions valence
with moist electron
air. easily.
Cesium (Cs) is the most active alkali metal in
the periodic table. G
R
Because it has the
largest atomic size,
so it can lose its
valence electron
easily.

Francium is a radioactive element.

Chemical Properties of Alkali metals
Reaction of alkali metals with water:
Wrap two small pieces of sodium and potassium with a filter paper
Put each of them carefully in a beaker containing water

Sodium and potassium react strongly with water

Hydrogen gas evolves

Burn with a popping sound

The reaction of potassium with water is G

stronger than that of sodium. R
Because potassium is more active than
sodium as its atomic size is larger than that
of sodium.
Chemical Properties of Alkali metals
Reaction of alkali metals with water:
Sodium and potassium forming alkaline solution and
reacts with water hydrogen gas evolves.
Elements of group (1A) are called alkali
metals (alkaline metals).

2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2

Sodium Water Sodium hydroxide Hydrogen

2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2

Potassium Water Potassium hydroxide Hydrogen

Sodium fires are not put off with water. G
R

Because sodium reacts

instantly with water and
hydrogen gas evolves which
burns with a popping sound
by the effect of heat of the
reaction.
2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2

Sodium Water Sodium hydroxide Hydrogen

Halogens group (group 7A)

Group 17:
Halogens group (group 7A )
Location: Right side of the

modern periodic
table.
Fluorine ( F)
9

Chlorine (17Cl)

Bromine (35Br)
Iodine ( I)
53

Astatine (85At)

One of the groups of p-block.

 General properties of halogens:

Physical Chemical
properties properties
Physical Properties of Halogens
Bad Their physical state is graduated from:
conductors Gaseous state to Liquid state to Solid state.
of heat and
electricity
Chemical Properties of Halogens
Contain 7 G
Monovalent elements. R
electrons in their H Gain 1e
-
H-
outer most Negative ion
energy level. Halogen

They tend to gain only one electron

during the chemical reaction forming
negative ions, each of them carries
one negative charge.
Chemical Properties of Halogens
Chemically active They exist in the form of
elements. diatomic molecules (formed of
two atoms).
They don’t exist
individually in
nature but they
exist in chemical
compounds.

Except Astatine (At)

which is prepared
artificially.
Chemical Properties of Halogens
Halogens + Metals Salts

Salts formations

2Na + Cl2 2NaCl

Sodium Chlorine Sodium chloride

2K + Br2 2KBr

Potassium Bromine Potassium bromide

Each element from halogens replaces the
element below it in its salt solution.

Cl2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br2

Chlorine Potassium bromide Potassium chloride Bromine

Br2 + 2NaI 2NaBr + I2

Bromine Sodium iodide Sodium bromide Iodine

Br2 + 2KCl no reaction

Bromine Potassium chloride
 Alkali metals group Halogens group
They are located on the They are located on the
left side of the modern right side of the modern
periodic table. periodic table.
They are the first group They are elements of group
(1A) of s-block. (7A) in p-block.
They include the strongest They include the strongest
metals. nonmetals.
They are good conductors They are bad conductors of
of heat and electricity. heat and electricity.
Properties of elements and their uses
1-Sodium in a liquid state
Transferring
Sodium is
heat from
a good
inside the
conductor
nuclear reactor
of heat.
.to outside

Heat is used to obtain the vapour energy

.required to generate electricity
Properties of elements and their uses
2- Radioactive cobalt 60:
.It is used in food preservation GR

Because it radiates
(emits) gamma rays
that stop the
reproduction of
microbes without an
.effect on human
Properties of elements and their uses
3- Silicon
It is used in electronic devices
GR
such as computer and transistor.

Because it is a semi- conductor (its ability to

.conduct electricity depends on temperature)
Properties of elements and their uses
4- Liquefied Nitrogen
It is used in the preservation of cornea of
the eye.
GR

Due to the decrease in

its boiling point
. )196°C - (
Do you tend to believe this information?
{Give reason} No.
Fluorine forms in one of its compounds an ion carries
one positive charge.
Because fluorine is a nonmetal which belongs to halogens
group where its atom tends to gain one electron during the
chemical reaction forming a negative ion, carrying one
negative charge.
Gain
9F (2,7) 1e- F- (2,7)
A metallic element (M) is located in the third period in the modern periodic
table, reacts with water forming a compound, its formula is MOH with evolving
a colorless gas. Determine:
a. The valency of element (M).
b. The atomic number of element (M).
c. The block which element (M) belongs to.
d. The type of oxide of element (M).

2M + 2H2O 2MOH + H2
a. The valency of (OH) is monovalent, b. Atomic number=
therefore the valency of (M) is 2+8+1= 11.
monovalent. 2 8 1
c. M belongs to s-block.
d. Metal (basic) oxide.
Element (X) is from alkali metals, it reacts
with element (R) which belongs to group
(16) to form a compound, whose chemical
formula is ………….. .
Because:
⸪ (X) ► alkali metals► valency = 1.
a) RX2
⸪ (R) ► group(16)► 6 valence
b) X R electrons ► valency = 2.
2

c) RX X R
d) RX2
1 2
{X2R}.