PHCHEM 201 LEC- Jeremiah Ben Godines

PHARM. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LEC

CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

THE PERIODIC TABLE TRANSITION ELEMENTS

A chart in which elements in order of increasing atomic

Those elements in which a d-orbital is filled partially
number such that elements having similar chemical and
physical properties are grouped together. ● Starting at Group IIIB and ending in Group IIB
● Elements are arranged by atomic number
LANTHANIDES AND ACTINIDES
o horizontal rows – periods
o vertical columns – groups or families,
● Inner Transition Metals

THREE CATHEGORIES OF ELEMENTS Metallic Elements are protein precipitants, the major exception
METAL being the alkali metals. Being protein precipitants, metals are
toxic (especially heavy metals)
A good conductor of heat and electricity; forms basic oxides
NON-METAL AMPHOTERIC
A poor conductor of heat and electricity; forms acidic oxides
● Equally acidic and basic
METALLOIDS
Has properties that are intermediate between those of metals and BRIDGE ELEMENTS
non-metals

PERIOD Wherein, 1st member of the family is more closely resembles the
second number of the adjacent group to the right.
Horizontal Rows ● Note that: 1st member of the family can be quite unlike to
● There are seven (7) periods in the periodic table the other members.
● Arranged in increasing atomic number

GROUPS

Vertical Rows
● Elements in a group have similar chemical properties

REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS
The Group A
● Occupies the s and p block

TRANSITIONAL METAL ELEMENTS

IONIZATION ENERGY
The Group B
● Occupies the d block Ionization Potential – measure of the energy required to remove
an electron by overcoming the attractive forces of the nucleus.
GROUPS OF ELEMENTS ● Metals - ↓ Ionization Potential (readily froms cations)
● Non-metals - ↑ Ionization Potential
Group VIIIA/0 Inert Gases
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
Group IA Alkali Metals

Group IIA Alkaline Earth Metals Electronegativity – Attraction of the Nucleus for an electron.
● Metals - ↓ Electronegativity, thus electropositive
Group VIA Chalcogens ● Non-metals - ↑ Electronegativity especially halogens
o Attracts additional electrons to from anions
Group VIIA Halogens

Group IB Coinage Metals Anions – are negatively charged – electrons

Cations – are positivy charged – protons
Group IIB Volatile Metals

ESPINOSA, AYEE ALLYRA M. | BSPHARM 1D 1

 SLIDES 1 TO 48 – GROUP VIIIA AND IA (INERT GASES AND ALKALI METALS)

GROUP VIIIA or O (Inert Gases) GROUP IA (Alkali Metals)

He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr

● He, Ne, Ar, Ne, Kr, Xe – occur in the atmosphere

● Comprises the most reactive of all the metallic elements
● Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe – are produced from liquid air by fractional (never found in nature in pure form)
distillation
● Have low menting points
● Rn (Radon) – is recovered from the natural decay
● Are chemically stable; does not form complexes
products of radium
● Inert Gases – are monoatomic, colorless, and odourless.
With increasing atomic number:

All Inert Gases, except Helium, follows the octet rule. Alkalinity Increases
All Noble Gases, except Radon, occur in the atmosphere
Activity Increases

HELIUM Degree of Solvation Decreases

2nd most-lightest gas – has low density and solubility
● Chemically Inert ● Alkali Metal Salts of Inorganic Acids – are usually
● Does not support combustion colorless and soluble in water (Except: NaCl, Kcl, KBr)
● Toxicity – Inhalation ● Aqueous Solutions of Alkali Metals – are neutral to
● Container – Brown basic
● Lithium and Sodium Salts – are regularly hydrated in
Uses of Helium
crystalline form
● Carrier/Diluent for Medically Important Gases
● Component of Artificial Gas (80 parts He, 20 parts O2)
Most distinguishing properties of salts and their solutions are
NEON due to the anion present
Aka: “New”
● Used in advertising HYDROGEN
ARGON
Aka: “air” and the lightest element
Aka: “Lazy” ● Isotopes are;
● Most abundant and most widely distributed among all o Protium – Most abundant
noble gases o Deuterium – Heavy Hydrogen
● By-product of the fractionalization of liquid air for the o Titrium – Radioactive
production of Oxygen and Nitrogen
● Substitute of Nitrogen in providing inert atmosphere LITHIUM
● Used to prevent the blackening of light bulbs Aka: “earth” and the lightest of all metals
KRYPTON ● Is considered as bridge element (to Mg)
● Pharmacological Action: Depressant and Diuretric
Aka: “Hidden” ● Non-Pharmacological Action: Heat-exchanger in aircons
● Least abundant among all noble gases ● Free metals – less reactive with water
● Have inhalational anesthetic activity. ● Burning Lithium forms Normal Oxide (Li2O)
● The sparsity of these elements in nature imposes sever ● Litium has no physiological role and is toxic
limitation on such use.
XENON Lithium Bromide – Depressant
Aka: “Stranger” Lithium Carbonate (Lithase) – for bipolar disorder
● Investigational with Inhalational Anesthetic Activity
● Xenon – is virtually equal with ethylene in terms of SODIUM
Anesthetic Activity
Aka: “Natrium” and the most abundant extracellular cation
Both Kr and Xe has fairly high lipid solubility ● Na compounds are widely used in pharmacy and
medicine
RADON ● Used with caution in treatment of cardiac or renal
condition – in which edema is a problem
Aka: “Niton” ● Cation of choice – to optimize the pharmaceutical utility of
● Synthetic noble gases organic medicaments
● Emits alpha particles
● Used in the treatment of cervical cancer

ESPINOSA, AYEE ALLYRA M. | BSPHARM 1D 2

 SLIDES 1 TO 48 – GROUP VIIIA AND IA (INERT GASES AND ALKALI METALS)

IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM: POTASSIUM

● Sodium Acetate (CH3COONa) Aka: “Kalium” and the most abundant intracellular cation
o Diuretic and Antacid ● Potassium salts are generally less deliquescent compared
o Urinary and Systemic Alkalizer to Na Salts
● Pharmacological Action: Diuretic and Important in
● Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) – Baking Soda
Muscualar Contraction
o Systemic Antacid
o Carbonating Agent
● Deficiency: Hypokalemia
● Sources: Avocado and Banan
● Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate (NaH2PO4) – Fleet
Enema
Hypokalemia – due to the excessive lose of body fluids and
o Cathartic
o Source of Phosphate Ion electrolyts which cause muscular paralysis

● Sodium Bisulfite (NaHSO3)

o Water-soluble antioxidant (preservative) IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF POTASSIUM

● Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) – Soda Ash or Trona ● Potassium acetate (CH3COOK)

o Antacid o Antacid and Diuretic
o Source of Carbonate Ion o Urinary and systemic alkalizer
o Carbonating Agent
● Potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3)
● Sodium Chloride (NaCl) – rock or table salt o Sytemic antacid
o Electrolyte replinersher – prevents or treats o Carbonating agent
dehydration o Source of bicarbonate ion
▪ NSS (0.9% NaCl)
▪ Ringers Solution ● Potassium bitartrate (KHC4H4O6) – Cream of Tartar
▪ Hartmann’s Solution o Laxative
o Tonicity Adjusting Agent
o Condiment and Preservative ● Potassium bromide (KBr)
o Depressant
● Sodium Citrate (Na3C6H5O7) o Preparation of samples for infrared analysis
o Alkalizer and Buffer
o Diuretic ● Potassium carbonate (K2CO3) – Potash
o Expectorant and Anticoagulant o Antacid
o Carbonating agent
● Sodium Flouride (NaF) o Source of carbonate ion
o Anticariogenic (2% Solution)
● Potassium chlorate (KClO)
● Sodium Iodide (NaI) o Oxidizing agent
o Expectorant o Component in toothpastes, gargles and
o Antifungal mouthwash
o Iodic Solubilizer o Deodorant action
● Sodium Lactate ● Potassium chloride (KCl)
o Antacid and Diuretic o Electrolyte replenisher
● Sodium Nitrite (NaNO2) ● Potassium citrate
o Treatment of Cynaide Poisoning o Diuretic
o Antioxidant o Expectorant
o Used to preserve the color of meat o Diaphoretic
● Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3) – Chile Salt Peter ● Potassium hydroxide (KOH) – Caustic Potash
o Meat Preservation; Vasodilator o Saponifying agent used in the preparation of
soft or liquid soap.
● Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4) – Glauber’s Salt
o Cathartic ● Potassium iodide (KI)
o Expectorant (due to iodine ion)
● Sodium Tartrate (Na2C4H4O6) o Treatment of goiter
o Primary standard for Karl-Fisher Reagent o Antifungal and Iodine solubilizer
● Sodium Thiocynate (NaSCN) ● Potassium nitrate (KNO3) – salt peter
o Hypertensive Agent o Diuretic and meat preservative
● Sodium Triosulfate (Na2S2O3) – Hypochlor
o Treatment of cynaide poisoning with Sodium
Nitrite

ESPINOSA, AYEE ALLYRA M. | BSPHARM 1D 3

 SLIDES 1 TO 48 – GROUP VIIIA AND IA (INERT GASES AND ALKALI METALS)

● Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF AMMONIUM:

o Oxidizing agen
o Antiseptic (0.02%) ● Ammonium bromide (NH4Br)
o Treatment for strychnine poisoning o Sedative depressant
● Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) ● Ammonium carbonate ((NH4)2CO3)
o Cathartic o Expectorant – stimulate the flow of respiratory
secretions
● Potassium sodium tartrate (KnaC4H4O6)
o Antacid
o Cathartic
o Respiratory stimulant
o Sequestering agent for Fehling’s solution
● Ammonium chloride (H4Cl)
● Potassium thiocyanate (KSCN)
o Expectorant
o Hypotensive agent
o Diuretic
● Sulfurated potash o Urinary acidifier
o A mixture of potassium sulfide, potassium
polysulfide and potassium thiosulfate
o Used in the preparation of white lotion
o Used as a parasiticide and treatment of acne ● Aromatic Ammonia Spirit
and scabies o A mixture of ammonium carbonate and strong
ammonia solution
CESIUM o Used as a respiratory stimulant
o Used to revive unconscious patients who have
Catalyst in the Polymerization of Resin fainted)
● No pharmaceutical Significance
● CsCl – used in density gradient centrifugation ● HgNH2Cl – white precipitate
o topical anti-infective
RUBIDIUM ● Ammonium iodide (NH4I)
Is very similar in behavious to potassium o Source of iodide
o Expectorant
● No application in pharmacy and medicine at this time
o Antifungal
AMMONIUM (NH3) ● Ammonium acetate (NH4 CH3 COO)
o Styptic
Hyporhetical Alkali Metal and the conjugate base of ammonia
● Resembles Potassium
● A volatile substance ans is used as urinary alkalizer

Reactions and Uses:

● Ammonium reacts with bases to liberate NH3
● Ammonium Salts of Bitartrate, Chloroplatinate, and
Perchlorate – insoluble in water
● Ammonium Hydroxide – basic and the solution of
amonia in water but solutions of ammonium salts are
acid.
● Pharmacoligical Action;
o Diuretic
o Buffer
o Expectorant
o Anti-carigenic

ESPINOSA, AYEE ALLYRA M. | BSPHARM 1D 4