PERIODIC TRENDS

OF THE PERIODIC
TABLE OF ELEMENT
Periodic trends

Periodic trends are observable patterns in the

properties of an element that are dependent on
its position in the Periodic Table.
 Atomic Radius

Atomic Radius is the distance between an atom’s nucleus,

and its outermost electron shell. Several factors affect this
distance; including the number of an element, and the
number of electron shells.
Electronegativity

Electronegativity is a property that measures

the tendency of an atom to attract electrons
to form a bond. It was created by measuring
the bond energy of the different elements
joined by covalent bonding.
Ionization Energy
The minimum amount of energy required to remove an
electron from a neutral atom’s outermost electron shell in
the gaseous phase is called the ionization energy.

This property is describing the difficulty of removing an

electron. The Ionization energy increases further right
down the period, and higher up a group as more energy is
required to remove a tightly bounded electron from the
atom.
Reactivity

Reactivity describes the ability of a molecule or atom to undergo a

chemical reaction, followed by a release in energy. This property is
dependent on characteristics such as electronegativity and
ionization energy. These are factors that affect the interactions of
electrons that chemical reactions undergo.
Electron Affinity

Electron Affinity is a property describing the tendency of a

neutral atom to gain an electron, in order to form a negative
ion. In this process, energy is released, also known as an
exothermic process (excluding noble gases).
1 LABEL THE COLUMNS!! 18
14 15 16 17
2 13

7 8
3 4 5 6 9 10 11 12
I AM DMITRI MENDELEEV!

I am the Father of the Modern PERIODIC TABLE !

 WHAT IS THE PERIODIC TABLE?

oShows all known

elements in the
universe.
oOrganizes the elements
by chemical properties.
KEY TO THE PERIODIC TABLE

• Elements are organized on

the table according to their
atomic number.
 ATOMIC NUMBER

• This refers to how many

protons an atom of that element
has.
• No two elements, have the same
number of protons.

Bohr Model of Hydrogen Atom

Wave Model
 ATOMIC MASS

• Atomic Mass refers to the “weight” of the

atom.
• It is derived at by adding the number of
protons with the number of neutrons.

This is a helium atom. Its atomic mass is 4 (protons plus

Hneutrons).

What is its atomic number?

 VALENCE ELECTRONS

• Valence electrons are the electrons in

the outer energy level of an atom.
• These are the electrons that are
transferred or shared when atoms bond
together.
ROWS ARE CALLED “PERIODS”
• Periods = rows
• From left to right
• What do elements in a row have in
common?
– the same number of electron shells
• Every element in Period 1 (1st row)
has 1 shell for its electrons (H & He)
• All of the elements in period 2 have
two shells for their electrons.
• It continues like this all the way down
the table
COLUMNS ARE CALLED “GROUPS” OR FAMILIES
• Column = group = families
• What do elements in a group have in common?
– same number of valence electrons (electrons in the
outer shell)
• They share similar characteristics with the other
elements in their family.
• Group 1: 1 valence electron
• Group 2: 2 valence electrons
• Group 13: 3 valence electrons
• Group 14: 4 valence electrons
• Group 15: 5 valence electrons
• Group 16: 6 valence electrons
• Group 17: 7 valence electrons
• Group 18: 8 valence electrons except He who has 2
 PROPERTIES OF METALS
• Good conductors of heat and
electricity
• Shiny.
• Ductile (can be stretched into
thin wires)
• Malleable (can be pounded
into thin sheets)
• A chemical property of metal
is its reaction with water which
results in corrosion.
PROPERTIES OF NON-METALS

• Poor conductors of heat and

electricity
• Not ductile or malleable
• Brittle and break easily
• Dull
• Many non-metals are gases.

Sulfur
PROPERTIES OF METALLOIDS

• Have properties of both metals and non-

metals
• Solids that can be shiny or dull.
• Conduct heat and electricity better than
non-metals but not as well as metals.
• They are ductile and malleable.

Silicon
 REGION: METALS

Examples of metal elements include

iron, copper, silver, mercury, lead,
aluminum, gold, platinum, zinc, nickel
and tin.
 GROUP1: ALKALAI METALS

• 1 valence
electron

• Very Reactive
 GROUP 2: ALKALINE EARTH METALS

• 2 valence electrons
• Very reactive, but less
than alkali metals
 GROUPS 3 – 12: TRANSITION METALS

• 1-2 valence electrons

• Less reactive than alkaline earth
metals because they don’t give
away their electrons as easily
• Bottom 2 row are the
Lanthanide & Actinide series
• Lanthanide Series:
• shiny reactive metals
• Most found in nature

• Actinides Series:
• radioactive and unstable
• Most are man-made &
not stable in nature
REGION: METALLOIDS
REGION: NONMETALS
 GROUP 17: HALOGENS

The name halogen means “salt formers” in greek.

• 7 valence electrons
• Very reactive
• Nonmetals
 GROUP 18: NOBLE GASES

 8 valence electrons (except He

which only has 2)
 “Happy” because their outer
electron shell is filled!
 NON REACTIVE (inert)
gases
 Nonmetals
SUMMARY TABLE FOR FAMILY PROPERTIES

Family Type
Properties

•Alkali Metals – highly

reactive
–
water-sensitive
– Soft
–
low density
–
low melting point
–
 SUMMARY TABLE FOR FAMILY PROPERTIES

Family Type
Properties
•Alkaline Earth Metals – Strong reducing
agents

– Silvery, shiny metal

– Good conductors

– Low density

– Low melting point

– Low boiling point

mily Type Properties
2 or more oxidation states
•Transition Metals – Usually forms paramagnetic compounds
– Low ionization energies
– High melting point
– High boiling point
– High conductivity
– Metallic
– Malleable
 Summary Table for Family Properties

amily Type Properties

•Post Transition Metals – Solid at standard temperature
– Malleable
– Ductile
– High conductivity
– High density
Family Type Properties

•Metalloids -Semi-conductors
– More brittle than metals but less brittle
than non-metals
– Properties are a mix between metals
and non-metals
– Shiny or dull
– Ductile and malleable
Family Type Properties
•Lanthanides – 1 valence electron in 5d shell
– Highly reactive
– Strong reducing agent
– Silvery bright metal
– Relatively soft
– High melting points
– High boiling points
Family Type Properties
– Highly reactive
•Actinides – High electro positivity
– Paramagnetic
– Pyrgomorphid
– Allotropic
– Radioactive
– Silvery metals
– Ductile
– Malleable
– Soft
 Family Type Properties

Halogens – Highly
reactive

– High electronegativity

– Non-metal

– Toxic
Family Type Properties
– Relatively unreactive
Noble Metals
– Complete valence shell (8 valence
electrons)
– Inert
– Catalytic
– Resistant to corrosion, tarnishing, and
oxidation
– Soft and Ductile
 Family Type
Properties– Relatively unreactive
Noble Gases
– Complete valence shell (8 valence electrons)
– Low electronegativity
– Colorless and odorless
– gases under standard conditions
– Non-metal
– Low boiling point
– Low melting point
– Density increases as you go down