Chapter 4 : Periodic table of elements 3.

Grey in colour and are silvery when it is

Introduction : freshly cut.

4. lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium,
1. Historical development of the periodic
table caesium and fransium
2. Modern periodic table
Physical properties
a) 117 discovered elements
b) Elements are arranged in order of
increasing proton number.
Element Electron Melting Boiling radius
c) Same chemical properties are placed in arrangement point point
the same group. Li 2.1 181 1342 0.15
3. Group 1 elements = alkali metal Na 2.8.1 98 883 0.16
K 2.8.8.1 63 759 0.23
4. Group 2 element = alkaline earth metal Ru 2.8.18.8.1 39 688 0.25
5. Group 17 elements = halogens Cs 2.8.18.18.8.1 29 671 0.26
6. Group 18 elements = noble gases Fr 2.8.18.32.18.8.1 27 677 0.29

7. Same group, same number of valence

1. All Group 1 metal exist as solid at room
electrons
temperature.
Group 18 elements 2. Good conductors of heat
Introduction 3. Good conductors of electricity,

1. Known as noble gases or inert gases 4. High boiling points,

2. Consists of 6 elements 5. Shinny surface (but rapidly tarnished by
3. Atomic radius increases down the group air oxidation).
Physical properties 6. Down the group, the size of atom
increases.
1. Not electrical and heat conductive
2. Low melting point and boiling point 7. This is due to the increase of number of
- Melting point and boiling point increase electron shells.
when descending the group
- Van der Waals attraction forces are
getting stronger Chemical properties

Chemical properties 1. Group 1 metals are very reactive metals.

1. Inert 2. They all show the same chemical
properties.
Group 1 element
3. They can react with
Introduction
-water
1. Alkali metal - non-metal such as oxygen and
2. Soft
chlorine .
4. When an alkali metal atom reacts, it loses the valence

electron to form a positively charged ion. Lithium+ Oxygen Lithium Oxide

Exp : Na → Na+ + e-

Li → Li+ + e-
Sodium + Oxygen Sodium Oxide
5. They tend to react mainly with non-metals to form

ionic compounds.

Reaction with cold water

Potassium + Oxygen Potassium Oxide
Lithium + Water → Lithium Hydroxide + Hydrogen Gas

Sodium+ Water → SodiumHydroxide + Hydrogen Gas

Element Colour of burning flame
Li Red
Na Yellow
Potassium + Water → Potassium Hydroxide + Hydrogen
Gas
K Purplish

Reaction with chlorine

Lithium + Chlorine Lithium Chloride

The Reaction of Alkali Metals with Non-
metals
Sodium + Chlorine Sodium Chloride
1. Group 1 Alkali Metals react with non-metals
to form colourless or white ionic
compounds.
Potassium + Chlorine Potassium
2. These compounds dissolve in water to give Chloride
colourless solutions.

Element Colour of burning flame

Li Reddish
Na Yellowish
K Purplish