Chapter 4:

THE PERIODIC TABLE OF

ELEMENTS

F4 KSSM
 ARRANGEMENT OF PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

The modern Periodic Table of Elements is a form of systematic classi ication of

elements in ascending order of proton numbers from left to right and from top to
bottom

The vertical columns in the Periodic Table of Elements are called Groups. There qre 18
groups in the Periodic Table of Elements

The horizontal columns in the Periodic Table of Elements are called Periods. There are
7 periods in the Periodic Table of Elements

The number of shells illed with electrons will determine the position of an element in
a period.

f
 With one or two Group = Number of
valence electrons valence electrons

Element

With three until eight Group = Number of

valence electrons valence electrons + 10
 ELEMENTS IN GROUP 18
Group 18 consists of elements of helium, He,
neon, Ne, argon, Ar, krypton, Kr, xenon, Xe,
radon, Rn and oganesson, Og

They are known as inert gases or noble gases

Noble gases are chemically unreactive due to

valence shells that are fully illed with electrons.
Noble gases have achieved a stable duplet or
octet electron arrangement, causing the atoms
of noble gases to not donate, accept nor share
electrons with the atoms of other elements. The
atoms of noble gases exist as monoatoms.
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 ELEMENTS IN GROUP 1
Group 1 is made up of lithium, Li, sodium, Na, potassium,
K, rubidium, Rb, caesium, Cs and francium, Fr. Group 1
elements are also known as alkali metals

Group 1 elements have low melting point and boiling point

if compared to other metals like iron that has a melting
point of 1 540 °C and boiling point of 2 760 °C.

The increase in the atomic size down the group will

weaken the attraction force between the atoms.
Therefore, less heat energy is required to overcome the
attraction forces between the metal atoms.

Group 1 elements are soft metals, with low density and

loat on the surface of water. These alkali metals also have
a grey shiny surface at room temperature
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REACTION OF GROUP 1 ELEMENTS WITH WATER, OXYGEN GAS

AND CHLORINE GAS
Lithium, sodium and potassium have the same chemical
properties but different reactivity

When alkali metals react with water, alkaline hydroxide 2Li(s) + 2H2 O(l) → 2LiOH(aq) + H2 (g)
solution and hydrogen gas is formed. For example, reaction
of lithium with water will produce lithium hydroxide and
hydrogen gas.

When alkali metals burn in oxygen gas, a white solid that is

metal oxide will be formed. For example, reaction of lithium 4Li(s) + O2 (g) → 2Li2 O(s)
with oxygen gas will produce lithium oxide

Solid metal oxide will form an alkaline solution when

dissolved in water. For example, reaction of lithium oxide Li2 O(s) + H2 O(l) → 2LiOH(aq)
with water will produce lithium hydroxide.

When alkali metals burn in chlorine gas, a white solid, that is

metal chloride will be formed. For example, reaction of 2Na(s) + Cl2 (g) → 2NaCl(s)
sodium with chlorine gas will produce sodium chloride.