Periodic Table of Elements

A)HISTORY of VOISDOBLAN AND LIFTLONTARMOSE For element with 3 to 8 valence electron. Group number=the number of valence lectron+10 Antoine Lavoisier Element light

heat Unacceptable because light and heat are not an element

GROUP Group 1 2 3-12 17 18

name Alkali metal Alkali earth metal Transition element Halogens Noble gases

Period(1-7) C)INFORMATION FROM PERIODIC TABLE METALS 1.In solid state at rtp(except mercury) 2.malleable 3. good conductor of heat and electricity NON-METALS state liquid solid

newland(law of octaves) -arranged the known element in increasing atomic mass order -reptition

Element Bromine,Br carbon,C phosphorus,P sulphur,S selenium,Se iodine,I astatine,At

CPSeSAt -non-metal in solid state are brittle and poor conductor of heat and electricity METALLOIDS -brittle rather than malleable -poor conductor of heat and electricity When going down the group, 1.metal become more metallic 2.atomic size increase When move from left to right the period, 1.atomic size decrease -atomic mass menaik GROUP Charge 1 +1 2 +2 13 +3 15 -3 16 -2 17 -1 *positive chargeloss electron negative chargegain electron `number of valence electron=group `the number of shells occupied with electrons =period number 2.8.8.1

Moseley -increasing proton number B)prinsip asas periodic table -elements are arranged in increasing order of proton number

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Periodic Table of Elements

GROUP 18(noble gas) element Proton number
Helium,He Neon,Ne Argon,Ar Krypton,Kr Xenon,Xe Radon,Rn 2 10 18 36 54 86 Ar

Electron arrangement
2 2.8 2.8.8 2.8.18.8 2.8.18.18.8 2.8.18.32.18.8 Argon gas

The outermost occupied shell of element in Group18 is fully occupied with electrons. !Helium,He has 2 valence electron.This is called Kr

Bcause argon would not react with tungsten metal filament. During welding,it provides inert atmosphere to prevent metal reacts with oxygen from the air.

duplet electron arrangement

Neon,Ne has 8 valence electron.This is called octet

electron arrangement.
This electron arrangement is very stable. Therefore,noble gases are chemically unreactive(inert).They dont need to share,receives,or donates electrons with other element. A)Physical properties 1.exist as monoatomic gases 2.at room temperature(rtp),they are colourless gases. 3.insoluble in water 4.cant conduct electricity and poor heat conductor They have: a)Very small atomic size b)low melting and boiling point Atoms of noble gas are held together by weak Van der Waals forces of attraction.So,very little heat is required to overcome this forces of attraction. c)low densities He When going down the G18: Ne Ar Kr Laser in repairing retina It is also used to fill photographic flash lamp. To treat cancer because it is radioactive

Rn

GROUP 17(halogens)[F,Cl,Br,I,At] FClBriAt

A)Physical properties 1.exist as diatomic gas 2.have low melting and boiling point 3.poor conducter of heat When going down the G17

The physical state at rtp change

F Cl Br I F Cl Br I Gas Liquid Solid Pale yellow Greenish-yellow Reddish-brown Purplish-black

The atomic size increase

Bcause the number of occupied shells in the atom increases from He to Rn.

The colour becomes darker

The melting and boiling point increase

Bcause when going down the group, the atomic size will increase, then the forces of attraction between the atoms become stronger.Thus,more heat energy is used to evercome the stronger forces of attraction .

The melting and boiling point increase

Xe Rn As the molecular size increases, The forces of attraction between the molecules become stronger.More heat energy is required to overcome the forces B)chemical properties They have similar chemical properties because they have same number of valence electron which is 7. They will gain an electron in order to achieve stable octet electron arrangement and become negatively charged of-1. When going down the G17: the reactivity decreases the reactivity of halogens depends on its ability to gain an electron to achieve stable octet electron arrangement. The atomic size increase The outermost occupied shell of each halogens becomes further away from the nucleus.Thus,the forces of attraction between the nucleus and electron becomes weaker.As a result,it is more difficult to attract 1 electron into the putermost occupied shell.So,reactivity decreases when going down. Reaction When reacts with X + HOHX + HOX HO,two acids will be form. When reacts with hot 3X + 2Fe2Fe X iron,Fe a brown solid will be formed,Iron(III)halides, Fe X When reacts with X + 2NaOH sodium hydroxide, NaX + NaOX + HO NaOH,water and salts will be form. salt Sodium halide NaX Sodium NaOX
halate(I)

The density of element increase

Bcause the increasing in RAM(jisim atom relatif) is more than increasing in atomic size.So the RAM:atomic size is increase.Semakin bertambah saiz atom gas adi,semakin tinggi jisim atom(RAM) gas adi tersebut. Uses of G18 He

(low density)

Oxygen+ helium For divers to breath in water

In order to make metal become superconducter,it must be cooled by liquid helium to achieve low temperature. Ne

Glow reddish-orange when high voltage is supplied.

Nur Atiqah Fatah

Periodic Table of Elements

Nur Atiqah Fatah