Key point of periodic table

It is a way to classify elements which are arranged in increasing order of atomic

number/ proton number.

When elements are arranged in this manner they show the property of periodicity-
elements with similar properties are going to appear at regular interval.

Vertical column are called as groups. They are numbered as 1 to 8

The horizontal rows are called as periods numbered as 1 to 7.

The yellow colour zig- zag line in periodic table represents metalloid.

Left to which are metal which forms 80% of the elements and right one are non
metals.
GROUP
It represents the number of valence electron in the atom. As in group one all
elements present have only one electron in outermost shell. In group two they
have 2 valence electron. Group seven have 7 valence electron.

The outermost electrons are called as valency electron. Therefore all element of
the same group will have similar chemical properties.

Elements of group 8 have 8 electrons in outermost shell , which is a very stable

configuration of electron in outer orbit, this makes them unreactive.
groups
Group I is called as Alkali metals
as they form alkalies when react
with water

Group II is called as Alkaline earth

metals as they are found in earth
crust abondently and also forms
alkalies when react with water

Group VII is called as Halogens,

which means salt formers, as they
form salt with metals.

Group VIII is called as Noble

gases
As they are unreactive in nature
PERIODS

Number of the
period represents
the number to total
shells present in
the element of the
period.
Group one - alkali metal
DENSITY

g/cm3

g/
g/cm
cm3
3
Melting and boiling point
https://youtu.be/6ZY6d6jrq-0

Video link to show reactivity of alkali metal with oxygen and water.
TREND IN REACTIVITY OF ALKALI METALS
Reactivity increases down the group
1. Reactivity with oxygen-
These metals react with oxygen, they burn fiercely to form oxides.
These dissolves in water to give alkaline solution.

2. Reactivity with water - these metals react violently with water ,

giving hydrogen and metal hydroxide.

Lithium floats and freeze

Sodium shoots across water
Potassium melts with the heat of reaction and hydrogen produced
catches fire.

Sodium + water -> sodium hydroxide + hydrogen

3. Reactivity with chlorine- when heated they react with chlorine to

form metal chlorides.
Sodium + chlorine -> sodium chloride Reaction of alkali metals
with water
Why alkali metals are so reactive

The reactivity increases down the

group as outermost electron is
more far from the positive nucleus
and can be easily removed.

All alkali have one electron in

outermost shell they easily lose it to
gain stable noble gas
configuration .

They gain +1 charge and form

cations. These ions form ionic
compounds.
Group Seven- Halogens
● Group VII contains all non metals. Colour of halogen gases
● They are called as Halogens. Which
includes fluorine
Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine.
● They exist in diatomic molecular state. chlorine
● They are poisonous.
● Fluorine and chlorine exist in gaseous state
bromine
in nature, bromine exist in liquid state and
iodine solid state.
● They all form coloured gases[ bromine and iodine

iodine upon heating], as you move down the

colour of these gas becomes darker.
Trends in physical properties

Halogen State and colour Density Boiling point

Fluorine Yellow gas Increases Increases

downwards downwards

Chlorine Green gas

Bromine orange liquid

Iodine Black solid

Halogens are highly reactive they react with metals to form salts called as metal halides.

Halogen Reactivity Reaction with iron Product Appearance of

wool formed the product

Fluorine Decreases Iron wool burst into Iron (III) Pale green
down the group flame without heating fluoride solid

Chlorine Hot iron wool glow Iron (III) Yellow solid

brightly when chlorine chloride
passed over it

Bromine Hot iron wool glow less Iron (III) Red- brown
brightly when bromine bromide solid
vapour passed over it

Iodine Hot iron wool shown Iron (III) iodide Black solid
faint glow when iodine
vapour passed over it
WHY THEY REACT IN SIMILAR WAY?

THEY REACT IN SIMILAR WAY OR

FLUORINE - 2, 7
SHOW SIMILAR CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES AS THEY HAVE SAME
NUMBER OF VALENCE ELECTRON (7)
IN THE OUTER SHELL.

CHLORINE - 2,8,7
WHY ARE THEY SO REACTIVE

Halogen need just one more electron to acquire stable

noble gas configuration. So they have a tendency to react
with other elements, to gain electron.

When they react with metals they accept electron and

forming halide anions , so the compound formed is ionic.
Example - sodium and chlorine forms sodium chloride
made up of sodium cation and chloride anion.

When they react with nonmetals, they share electrons

forming covalent bonds.
Example- hydrogen reacts with chlorine to form hydrogen
chloride by mutual sharing of electrons.

The reactivity decreases down the group as because

number of shell increases down the group, the further the
outer shell from nucleus, hence nuclear force decreases.
So attracting the electron becomes more difficult.
 How halogen reacts with halides ?

https://youtu.be/HW2jRyQ3dzo?t=141

Videolink to show displacement reaction of halide ions.

1. When chlorine water is added to colourless

solution of potassium bromide, the solution
turns orange, as chlorine has displaced
bromine from it’s compound.
Cl₂ + 2KBr -------> 2 KCl + Br₂
( colourless) ( orange)

2. When chlorine water is added to the a

colourless solution of potassium iodide, the
solution turns red brown. As chlorine has
displaced iodine from it’s compound.
Cl₂ + 2 KI ---------> 2 KCl + I₂
( colourless) ( red
brown)
In the solution Added chlorine Added bromine Added iodine

Chloride ion No change No change

Bromide ion Bromine is No change

displaced

Iodide ion Iodine is displaced Iodine is displaced

Reactivity of halides decreases down the group.

Chlorine being more reactive than bromine and iodine will displace bromide and iodide
ions from compounds.

Bromine being more reactive than iodine can displace iodide ion from the compound.

So a halogen will displace a less reactive halogen from the solution of it’s halide.
Group VIII- The Noble Gases
● All the elements of this group are non
metals.
● Colourless gases occur naturally in air.
● Monoatomic- exist as single atom.
● Unreactive - they do not normally react
with anything. Hence called as noble.
● They are unreactive because their outer
shell already have stable configuration
● Helium - complete duplet
● Neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon-
complete octet.
● Helium can be obtained from natural
gases in which it exist as impurity.
● Other noble gases can be obtained from
air through fractional distillation of liquid Helium is the second most abundant element in
air. universe, but it is so light that it escapes from our
atmosphere.
Trends in the physical properties

helium Down the group density

increases and gas becomes
neon heavier.because mass of atom
increases
argon

krypton

xenon The boiling point

increases down the
group, as the attraction
between the atoms
increases.
Uses of noble gases

❏ Noble gases are unreactive, which

makes them safe to use.
❏ Helium is used to fill balloons and
airships, because it is lighter than air and
will not catch fire.
❏ Argon is used to provide inert
atmosphere, for example: as a filler in
tungsten light bulbs, to protect metal that
are being welded. it would not react with
hot metals.
❏ Neon is used in advertising science.
❏ Krypton is used in laser, for example: for
eye surgery and in car headlamps.
❏ Xenon is used in lighthouse lamps, lights
for hospital operating theatre\room, and
car headlamps as it gives brightlight with
a blue tinge.
 Transition element

❏ Transition elements are the

Copper reddish with
block of 30 elements in the metallic luster
middle of periodic table.
❏ They are all metals, which
includes most of the metals we
Nickel with
use in our daily life, as: Iron, silvery
luster
Nickel, Copper and Silver.

Grey with metallic luster

Physical Properties of transition element

❏ Hard, tough and strong-they are not

soft like Group 1 metal.

❏ High melting point-all have high

melting point, but mercury metal is an Hard\ strong
exception, it is a fluid at a room
Malleable
temperature. (MELTS AT -39℃.)

❏ Malleable (CAN BE HAMMERED

INTO SHEETS.) and ductile (CAN BE
DRAWN IN WIRES.)

❏ Good conductor of heat and

electricity-silver is the best conductor
next is copper
Ductile
Mercury at RTP
❏ High density-all metals are heavy
than compared to the Group 1 metals.
 Chemical Properties

❏ They are much less reactive than

Group-I metals. Example: Copper
and Nickel do not react with water
or catch fire in air-unlike Sodium.

❏ They do not corrode readily in the

atmosphere. Iron is an exception-
it corrodes very easily.

❏ They show no clear trends in

reactivity-unlike the Group-I
metals.

❏ Most of the transition elements

form coloured compounds.
Chemical Properties
❏ Most transition elements can form
metal Charge on examples ions with different charges.
ions

Group I +1 Na+ ❏ They can form more than one

compound with another element.
Group II +2 Mg2+ That is because they can form ions
Group III +3 Al3+ with different charges.
Ex- copper (I) oxide Cu2O
Transition variable Cu+, Cu2+ Copper (II) oxide CuO
metal Fe2+, Fe3+
❏ The roman number tells how many
electrons each metal atom has lost,
to form compounds. This number
is called as oxidation state.
USES OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS.

● The hard, strong transition elements are used in structures

such as bridges, buildings and cars. Iron is the most
widely used - usually in the form of alloy called as Steel.

● Many transition elements are used in making alloys for

Alloy wheel
example chromium and nickel are mixed with iron to make
stainless steel.

● Transition elements are used as conductors of heat and

electricity. Ex - steel is used for radiators and copper for
electric wiring.

● Many transition elements and their compounds act as

catalyst. Catalyst speed up reactions by remaining
unchanged themselves. Ex- iron is used as a catalyst in
making ammonia.
 Trends across the period 3

Group I II III IV V VI VII VIII

Element Sodium Magnesium Aluminiu Silicon Phosphor Sulfur Chlorine Argon

m us

Valance 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
electron

Element METAL METAL METAL Metalloid Nonmetal Nonmetal Nonmetal Nonmetal

is a

➢ The number of valancy electrons increases by one each time. It is same as the group number for
group one to eight.

➢ The element go from metal to non-metal, Silicon is in between, it is a like metal in some ways and
a non-metal in other: It is called a metalloid.
Group I II III IV V VI VII VIII

Element Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon

Reactivity high low low low high unreactive

M.P℃ 98 649 660 1410 590 119 -101 -189

B.P℃ 883 1107 2467 2355 ignites 445 -35 -186

Oxide... basic basic amphoteric acidic acidic acidic acidic -

Typical NaCl MgCl₂ AlCl₃ SiCl₄ PH₃ H₂S HCl -

compoun
d

Valency 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 -
shown in
that
compoun
d
Trends across the period 3

❏ The number of valancy electron increase

by 1 each time.
❏ It is the same as the group number for
Group 1 to 7.The element go from metal
to non-metal, Silicon is in between. It is
like a metal in some ways and a non-
metal in other. It is called a metalloid.
❏ Melting and boiling point rise to the
middle of the period, then fall to very light
value to right.
❏ The oxide of metals are basic, they react
with acid to form salt. Those of the non-
metals are acidic they react with alkali to
form salts. But alimunium oxide is in
between, it reacts with both acid and
alkalis to form salt so it is called as
Amphotheric oxide.
❏ Metalloids: They lie along the zig-zag line
that seperates metal.
The change from metal to non
metal
● The change from metal to non metal is not
clear cut. Silicon is called a metalloid because
it is like metal in some way, and a non metal
in other.

● In fact there are metalloids in all the periods of

the table. They lie along the zig- zag line that
separates metals from non metals.

● Metals conduct electricity. Metalloids can too,

under certain conditions. So they are called
as semiconductors. This leads to their use in
computers chips and PV cells for solar power.
Silicon is used the most.
Valency

● The valency of any element is the number of

electrons it’s atom loses, gain or share, to form a
compound.

● Sodium always loses one electron to form

compounds. So it has a valency of 1. Chlorine
gains or share one electron so it has a valency of
1.

● Valency rises to 4 in the middle of period, the falls

again and become zero for noble gases.

● Upto group 4 valency is equal to the group

number of the element.

● Valency matches the charge on ion, when an

element forms ion.
What about reactivity

● Reactivity decreases across the metal.

Aluminium is lot less reactive than
sodium.because more electrons a metal
need to lose the more difficult it is.

● Reactivity increases across the non

metals.therefore chlorine is more reactive
than sulphur.because the fewer electrons a
non metal atom needs to gain, the easier it is
to attract them.

Uses of metalloids