Muhammad Imam Mumtaz

In chemistry, a salt is an ionic compound that can

be formed by the neutralization reaction of an
acid and a base.

Salts are composed of related numbers of cations

(positively ions) and anions (negative ions) so that
the product is electrically neutral (without a net
charge).
These component ions can be

1. inorganic, such as chloride (Cl−)

2. organic, such as acetate (CH3COO-)
3. can be monatomic, such as fluoride (F−)
4. polyatomic, such as sulfate (SO42−)
Alkali metals are silvery, soft, and not very dense.
They can easily be cut with a butter knife, and
cesium can even melt in the palm of your hand.
They have low melting points and are incredibly
reactive--so reactive that they must be stored in
special solutions or containers to prevent an
unintended reaction. Part of what makes alkali
metals so reactive is that they have one electron in
their outermost electron layer. Like so many other
metals, the alkali metals want nothing more than
to have electronic structures like their famously
stable and unreactive cousins, the noble gases.
It takes very little energy to remove that outermost
electron from an alkali metal. Thus, alkali metals
easily lose their outermost electron to become a +1
ion. This happens so often that it is rare to find a
sample of an alkali metal with all of its electrons;
most alkali metals occur in their ionic +1 form.

The energy needed to remove an electron from an

element is called the first ionization energy. The alkali
metals have the lowest first ionization energies of all
of the elements. In fact, as you go down the 1A
column, the first ionization energies get lower and
lower, making cesium the most easily ionized
element
 All these elements are extremely reactive.
 Due to this tendency towards high reactivity, the halogens cannot exist in
the environment as pure elements. They are usually found occurring as
compounds or as ions.
 Most halogen ions and atoms can be found in combination with other
compounds present in the sea or mineral water. This is because halogen
elements tend to create salt when they come in contact with the metals
and combine with them to form compounds.
 As mentioned previously, halogens are the only elemental group in the
entire periodic table, which is composed of elements that belong to all
three classical states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas). This is proved by
the fact that when kept under room temperature and normal pressure,
astatine and iodine take the form of solids, bromine appears as a liquid,
and chlorine and fluorine occur as gases.
 All halogen elements form hydrogen halides, which are very strong acids,
when they combine with hydrogen, and form binary compounds.
 On reacting among themselves within the halogen group, these elements
form diatomic inter halogen compounds.
 Halogens get their high tendency to react with other matter due to high
levels of electronegativity of their atoms, which is a result of the high
effective nuclear charge of all halogen atoms.
It takes very large energy to remove that
outermost electron from a Halogen. Thus,
Halogen not easily lose their outermost electron,
so in general Halogen is found with -7 ion. This
happens so often that it is easy to find a sample of
an Halogen with all of its electrons; most Halogen
occur in their ionic -7 form.