The Periodic Table: Metals and

Non-Metals
LESSON 11-13
Metals- Physical Properties

 Lustrous
 Malleable
 Ductile
 Sonorous
 High density
 High melting and boiling point
 Good conductors of heat and electricity.
 State: Metals are solids at room temperature with the exception of mercury, which
is liquid at room temperature (Gallium is liquid on hot days)
Non-metals-Physical Properties

 Dull
 Brittle
 Not sonorous
 Low density
 Usually melting and boiling point
 Insulators of heat and electricity.
 State: Non-metals are solids or gases at room temperature with the exception
of bromine, which is liquid at room temperature 
Metals vs Non-Metal- Chemical Properties

METALS NON-METALS
React with air to form basic oxides React to form acidic oxides
Lose electrons Gains electrons
Form positively charged ions, cations Form negatively charged ions, anions
Metallic Bonding

Metallic bonding is often described as an array of positive ions in a sea of electrons.

The metal is held together by the strong forces of attraction between the delocalised
electrons and the positive ions.
This force of attraction is also known as the electrostatic force between the valence
electrons and the positive ions.
Metallic bonding

Structure of metals
The metal ions are arranged in a regular pattern. Metals are said to be giant
structures since they usually contain lots of atoms.
Metallic Bonding

               
Note
The amount of delocalised electrons depends on the amount of electrons there
were in the outer shell of the metal atom. For example, magnesium has 2
electrons in its outer shell, so for every Magnesium atom that metallically
bonds, the 2 electrons go off on their merry way to join the sea of delocalised
electrons. 
How metallic bonding leads to specific
properties of metals?

 Can you tell me why metals are ductile?

 Why are they malleable?
 Why do they conduct?
Structures of non-metals

 Non-metallic structures are irregular and hence the elements themselves are brittle.
 Besides this, there is no electrostatic force present as no ions are present, make them
weaker. This also leads to low melting and point points.
 Example structure on the whiteboard.
Group I: The Alkali Metals

Physical properties
 The alkali metals:
• are soft (they can be cut with a knife)
• have relatively low melting points
 The alkali metals also have low densities. They are low enough for the first three (lithium, sodium and potassium)
to float on water.
Chemical Properties
 They react with water to produce an alkaline metal hydroxide solution and hydrogen.
 They react with oxygen (air) to form metal oxides.
 Reactivity increases down the group.
 The flame colours help distinguish
Reactions

 Group 1 Metal + Oxygen Metal Oxide

 Group 1 Metal + Water Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen

 Examples
 Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZY6d6jrq-0

 Group 1 Metal + Other Metal Compound  Group 1 Compound + Other Metal

Metal Ions: Flame Colours

Link1:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NE
UbBAGw14k

Link 2:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qx
MO-s5nw4s
Group VII: The Halogens
Displacement Reactions

 Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBhMWpyO7Ts
Reactions

 All halogens react with metals to produce metal halides (halide salts).
 Some Examples? (Boardwork)
Transition Metals

 Properties
• They form coloured compounds
• They are good conductors of heat and electricity
• They can be bent into shape easily
• They are less reactive than alkali metals
• They have high melting points
• They are usually hard and tough with high densities.
 There are exceptions to this and not all transition metals will possess these properties
though. 
Uses of Transition Metals

Transition metals have a wide variety of uses, with some of the main ones listed below:
 Iron is often made into steel, which is stronger and more easily shaped than iron on its
own. It is widely used in construction materials, tools, vehicles and as a catalyst in the
manufacture of ammonia.
 Titanium often used in fighter aircrafts, artificial hips and pipes in nuclear power
stations.
 Copper because it is such a good conductor of electricity, copper is often used in
electricity cables. It is easily bent and does not react with water so it is also often used to
make water pipes.
 Nickel nickel is mainly used in Stainless Steel.
Common Transition Metal Ions and Their
Colours

• Gold, silver and mercury will

have a valency of +1

• If not stated, assume the

valency of other transition
metals to be +2
Uses of Group I, Group VII and Transition
Metals

 Group I
 Halogens
 Transition Metals
Reactivity Series of Metals
Reaction of metals with air, water and acid