CHEMISTRY CAMBRIDGE

IGCSE
TITLE:PERIODIC TABLE
(NOBLE GASES AND
TRANSITION ELEMENTS)

BY:
:ALIS FARISHA BINTI AZMAN
:NUR NADIA BINTI JA’AFAR
:NUR EZZATI HANI BINTI AZMI
:PUTERI ATIQAH SYAHIRAH BINTI
AZMAN
12.4 Noble gases (Group 18
elements)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
 Under standard conditions
 Odorless
 Colourless
 Monoatomic gases

REACTIVITY:
 Typically highly unreactive
 Their outer shell of valence electrons is considered to be “full”
(duplet for helium/octet for other elements).
 No tendency to participate in chemical reactions because
cannot donate,accept or share electron to other atoms.

NOBLE GASES ARE:

 non-metals
 colourless gases,occur naturally in air
 monatomic-exist as single atoms
 unreactive

WHY ARE THEY UNREACTIVE?

Atom react in order to gain a stable outer shell of electrons.But the
atoms of the noble gases already have a stable outer shell-with 8
electrons,except for helium which has 2 (since it has only one shell):
So the atoms have no need to react in order to gain or lose
electrons.The noble gases are unreactive,and monoatomic,because
their atoms already have a stable outer electron shell.

USES:
 Helium- filling balloons and aircrafts because it is lighter than
air and will not catch fire.
 Argon – filling (tungsten) light bulbs to stop the filament
reacting with oxygen (inert).
 Neon – is used in advertising signs because it glows red.
 Krypton-used in lasers -example eye surgery.
 Xenon-used in lighthouse lamps because it gives a light like
bright daylight.
12.5 Transition elements
A collection of metals with the following properties:

 -Hard, tough and strong

 -High melting points (except mercury)
 -Malleable (can be hammered into different shapes) and
ductile (can be drawn out into wires)
 -Good conductors of heat and electricity (silver is the best) and
copper is next.
 -High density (greater than water’s density)

THEIR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

 Much less reactive than Group 1 metals:
Copper and nickel do not react with water,or catch fire in air-
unlike sodium.The transitions elements do not corrode readily
in the atmosphere except for iron which rusts easily.

 Have no trend in reactivity,unlike the Group 1 metals:

Those next to each other in the periodic table do tend to be
similar

 Mostly form coloured compounds:

In contrast, the Group 1 metals form white compounds.

 Can form ions with different charges

  Can form more than one compound with another element:
This because they can form ions with different charges.
Example:Iron (ii) oxide,FeO & iron(iii) oxide,Fe2O3

 Most transition elements can form complex ions:

For example,if you add ammonia to a solution containing
copper (ii) ions,a pale blue precipitate of copper (ii) hydroxide
forms.It dissolves again if you add more ammonia,giving a
deep blue solution.

It dissolves because each copper ion attracts four ammonia

molecules and two water molecules,forming a large soluble
complex ion.

USES:
 Used in structures such as bridges,buildings,and cars.
 Iron is the most widely used-in the form of alloys called steels.
 Example:chromium and nickel are mixed with iron to make
stainless steel.
 Used as conductors of heat and electricity.Example:steel is
used for radiators.