Learning Objectives

1- Describe the Periodic Table as a method of classifying elements and its use to
predict properties of elements
2- Describe the change from metallic to non-metallic character across a period
3- Describe lithium, sodium and potassium in Group I as a collection of relatively soft
metals showing a trend in melting point, density and reaction with water
4- Describe the halogens, chlorine, bromine and iodine in Group VII, as a collection of
diatomic non-metals showing a trend in colour and density and state their reaction
with other halide ions
5- Describe the transition elements as a collection of metals having high densities,
high melting points and forming coloured compounds, and which, as elements and
compounds, often act as catalysts
6- Describe the noble gases, in Group VIII or 0, as being unreactive, monoatomic gases
and explain this in terms of electronic structure
Periodic Table
⮚ Elements in periodic table are arranged in groups
and periods according to their atomic numbers.
⮚ In the periodic table there are:
7 periods and 8 groups.
⮚ Periodicity: Elements in same group have similar
chemical properties, because they
have same number of valence
electrons.
Periodic Table

❖ Elements at the left side of “zic-zac” line are

metals, except Hydrogen.

❖Elements at the right side of “zic-

zac” line are non-metals.
Periodic Table
Elements on the line separating metals
from non metals are called:
Ex: silicon – used in computer chips.
Metalloids have common properties
between metals and non metals.
Properties of metalloids
⮚ Hard but brittle.
⮚ Semiconductors.
 (Except hydrogen)
Reactivity Density Melting
Points

I I d
n n e
c c c
r r r
e e e
a a a
s s s
e e e
s s s
Alkali Metals
Properties
Lets explore
https://
www.youtube.com/
watch?v=y0hrqLTubDM
Alkali Metals
Physical Properties
⮚ Soft (cut by knife)

⮚ Low density

⮚ Low melting and boiling points.

Alkali Metals
Chemical Properties
⮚ Have +1 oxidation number: Na+1 , K+1
⮚ Highly reactive(stored under oil or kerosene in
the lab.) so are not used as catalysts.
Alkali Metals
Chemical Properties
⮚ Alkali metals react violently with water.

⮚ Form white compounds.

⮚ All alkali compounds are soluble in water.

Compare: Alkali Metals With Water
2Li(s) + 2H2O(L)→ 2LiOH (aq) + H2(g)

Observations:
⮚ Li Floats and fizzes.
⮚ Bubbles of hydrogen gas.
⮚ Solution becomes hot.
⮚ Produces alkaline(basic)
solution.
Compare: Alkali Metals With Water
2Na(s) + 2H2O(L) →
Observations:
⮚
⮚
⮚
⮚

2K(s) +2H2O(L)→
Observations:
⮚
⮚
⮚

⮚
Alkali Metal
All alkali compounds are stable.
(don’t decomposed by heat) except alkali nitrates.

Examples: K2O
KCl Heat No Effect
KOH

K2CO3

While: KNO3 Heat KNO2 + O2 ( balance)

NaNO3 Heat ………………. + …………..

Transition Metals

The block of element between

group(II) and group(III)
Transition Metals
Properties of transition metals compared to alkali
metals.
⮚ Hard
⮚ Have high melting and boiling points.
⮚ Have high density.
⮚ Have colored compounds.
⮚ Have many oxidation states.
⮚ Low reactive, used as catalysts.
⮚ Don’t react with cold water.
 VII
Halogens
Physical state Reactivity Intensity
of color
Pale yellow
gas d I
e n
Green gas c c
r r
e e
Brown liquid
a a
s s
Gray solid e e
s s
Black solid
(Radioactive)
Characteristic Properties of Halogens
⮚ All are diatomic molecules : F2, Cl2 , Br2 , I2.
⮚ Have 7 valence electrons.
⮚ Form -1 charged ions : F-1 , Cl-1, Br-1, I-1
⮚ Halogens are very reactive .They react with metals
forming ionic compounds such as NaCl, KBr, KF…
⮚ Halogens react with hydrogen forming hydrogen halides such as HF, HCl, HBr,
HI.
Characteristic Properties of Halogens

Size of atoms
increases

Melting point
increases
Comparison between reactivity
More reactive halogen can replace less reactive halide from its solution.
Cl2 Br2 I2
Reactivity decreases
Cl2(g) + 2KBr(aq) → 2KCl + Br2
clear solution brown solution
Cl2(g) + KI(aq) → +
clear solution brown solution
Br2(g) + KI(aq) → +
clear solution
Physical Test For Halogens
Chlorine Bromine Iodine
Wet blue
litmus paper: turns red turns red turns red
and and and
bleaches bleaches bleaches
easily slowly very slowly
Noble Gases: Elements of Group(VIII)

All have complete outer orbit by 8 electrons, except

He by 2 electrons. This makes them unreactive
elements.
Uses of Noble Gases
Helium Neon Argon

Airships Advertising Electric

Balloons signs bulbs
 I II III IV V VI
VII VIII

The changes in properties of the

elements across a period:
⮚ Metallic properties decreases.
Size of Atoms
❖ In a period

Metals Non metals

Size of atoms decreases due to the strong
attraction between nucleus and energy shells.
Size of Atoms

Size of atoms increase

because
number of orbits increases