ONE

SHOT
 Made of Matter Made up of particles
Same type of Contain 2 or
particles more type of
particles

Pure Impure

Element Compound
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Mixture Mixture

Metalloids
Metals Non Metals
About 118 elements are known today. There are more than 90 metals, 22
non-metals and a few METALLOIDS.
 METALS
Metals are the substances which have the tendency to donate electrons.
They are electropositive in nature.
 NON METALS
Non-metals are the elements which form negative ions by accepting or
gaining electrons. Non-metals usually have 4, 5, 6 or 7 electrons in
their outermost shell.
 Physical Properties of Metals & Non Metals
Conduction
Ductility
Malleability
Lustre
Sonority
Density
Physical State
Hardness
Melting & Boiling Point
 Chemical Properties of Metals & Non Metals
Valence electrons
Electrons donor/
acceptor
Electro positive/ negative
Oxide type
Corrosive
Type of Ion
Reducing & Oxidising
Ion Type
 Some
Important
Reactions
 Reaction of Metals & Non- Metals
Displacement Reaction -A more reactive metal displaces a
less reactive metal from its salt solution.

Metal A + Salt solution of B → Salt solution of A + Metal B

Reaction of Metals with Water
 Reaction of Metals with Water
Metals react with water and produce a metal oxide and hydrogen
gas. Metal oxides that are soluble in water dissolve in it to further
form metal hydroxide. But all metals do not react with water.

Metal + Water → Metal oxide + Hydrogen

Metal Oxide + Water → Metal Hydroxide

Reactivity of Metals
 Reaction of sodium and potassium with water
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g) + heat energy
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g) + heat energy

The The
reaction ofofcalcium
reaction withwater
calcium with water is violent.
is less less violent. The
The heat heatisevolved
evolved not is not
sufficient
sufficient forforthe
thehydrogen
hydrogen toto
catch fire.fire.
catch
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

Metals likelike
Metals aluminum, ironand
aluminum, iron and zinc
zinc doreact
do not not either
react with
either
coldwith
or hotcold orBut
water. hot
water.
theyBut
reactthey
withreact
steam with steam
to form to form
the metal thehydrogen.
oxide and metal oxide and hydrogen.
2Al(s) + 3H2O(g) → Al2O3(s) + 3H2(g)
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) → Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
 Reaction of Metals/ Non Metals with Oxygen
Metals combine with oxygen to from basic oxides.
2Cu + O2 2CuO
(Copper) (Copper[II])
Aluminium oxide and zinc oxide show the properties of both basic as well as acidic oxides.
These oxide are know as amphoteric oxide.
4Al + 3O 2 2Al2O 3
(Aluminium) (Aluminium)

Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O

Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O
(Sodium Aluminate)
Non-metals from oxide which are either acidic or neutral
Reaction of Metals with Dilute Acids
Metal + Dilute Acids Salt + Hydrogen
▪ Hydrogen gas is not evolved when a metal reacts with nitric acid. It is because
HNO3 is a strong oxidising agent.

▪ It oxidises the H2 produced to water and itself gets reduced to any of the
nitrogen oxides (N2O, NO, NO2).

▪ But magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) react with very dilute HNO3
to evolve H2 gas.

Metals above hydrogen in the Activity series can displace

hydrogen from dilute acids.
Reaction of Metals with Non Metals

Metal + Non-Metals Salt (IONIC COMPOUND)

 Properties of Ionic Compound
(i) Physical Nature: Ionic compounds are solids and are somewhat hard
because of the
strong force of attraction between the positive and negative ions.
(ii) Melting and boiling point: Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling
points.
(iii) Solubility: Electrovalent compounds are generally soluble in water and
insoluble in
solvents such as kerosene, petrol, etc.
(iv)Conduction of Electricity: The conduction of electricity through a solution
involves the movement of charged particles. A solution of an ionic compound in
water contains ions, which move to the opposite electrodes when electricity is
passed through the solution.
Occurrence of Metals
 Occurrence of Metals
The earth’s CRUST is themajor source of metals
METALLURGY: The branch of science and technology concerned with the properties of
metals and their production and purification.

MINERALS: The elements or compounds, which occur naturally in the earth's crust.

ORES: Those minerals which contain a very high percentage of a particular metal and the
metal can be profitably extracted from it are called ores.

GANGUE PARTICLES: Impurities present in ores in the form of sand, soil, dust etc.

ENRICHMENT OF ORE OR CONCENTRATION OF ORE: The process of removal of gangue

particles from ores.
Extraction of Metals
Extraction of Metals
 Extracting Metals Low in Reactivity Series
The oxides of these metals can be reduced to metals by heating alone.
For example, cinnabar (HgS) is an ore of mercury.
2HgS(s) + 3O2(g) Heat 2HgO(s) + 2SO2(g)
2HgS(s) Heat 2Hg(l) + O2(g)

Extraction of Copper
Heat
2Cu2S + 3O2(g) 2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2(g)
Heat
2Cu2O + Cu2S 6Cu(s) +SO2(g)
This
Electrolysis Refining of Metal

At cathode : Na+ + e- → Na
At anode : 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e-

These metals are obtained by

electrolytic reduction. these
metals have more affinity for
oxygen than carbon. Eg-
Sodium, Magnesium and
Calcium..
Rusting of IRON

This
Rusting of IRON

This
 Corrosion & Prevention
Deterioration of a metal when they react with substances like
water or air is known as Corrosion. It causes damage and
disintegration of the metal.

𝐹𝑒 + 𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝑅𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑑
𝐶𝑢 + 𝐶𝑂2 & 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐵𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛
𝐴𝑔 + 𝑆 → 𝐴𝑔𝑆 (𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘)

This
 Prevention from Corrosion
Painting, Oiling, Greasing Galvanisation - Is a method of protecting
steel and iron from rusting by coating them with a thin layer of zinc.

Chrome plating - Is a technique of electroplating a thin layer of

chromium onto a metal object.

Anodising –

Alloying - Is a very good method of improving the properties of a

metal corrosion can also be reduced
This
IRON STEEL
This