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Mercury- only metal
that is liquid in room
Horizontally- highest principal quantum number
Inorganic Chemistry
temp. When spilled put
sulfur to absorbed.
Principal quantum number- used to describe electrons
Group A Group B
Inorganic Chemistry- chemical compound except myriad
1- Alkali metals 1- Coinage
organic compound. 2- Alkaline Earth metals 2- Volatile Metals
3- Boron group
Myriad Organic compound- compound containing Carbon 4- Carbon group
and Hydrogen bond (Organic Chemistry). 5- Nitrogen group
6- Chalcogen group
4 new elements 7- Halogen group
Nihonium 113 Japan 8- Noble Gases group
Moscovium 115 Mosco
Tennessine 117 Tennessee
Oganesson 118 Triad
1st: Fe, Co, Ni
G1A 8A 2nd: Ru, Rh, Pd
G2A 3rd: Os, Ir, Pt
V 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
E
R B.) Periodic trends and Properties
HORIZONTAL
T
I Group Group Group Atomic Radius- ½ of the distance between 2 nuclei of 2
C adjacent atoms.
A
L A B A Ionization Energy- Amount of energy require to remove an
electron from a neutral atom to convert it to a positive
charged ion.
Lanthanides Electron Affinity- amount of energy release when a neutral
Actinides atom accepts an electron.

Electronegativity- tendency of an atom to attract itself when it

118 elements- periodic table is chemically combined with another atom.
T, L R
Group A- representative element Atomic radius and Metallic Property of elements- Right to left,
Increases top to bottom increases.
Group B- transition element B

Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity, Electronegativity- Left to

Inner transition element- Lanthanides and Actinides L R, T
right, bottom to top increases.
Vertically- related to oxidation number Increases
B
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C.) Chemical Reactions Inorganic chemistry Hg

Ag
Pt
General Formula Au
4) Double �� + �� o Two compounds exchange
1) Direct Union/ � + � → �� o Formation of complex Displacement/ → �� + �� partners.
Synthesis/ substance from a simpler Metathesis Examples: ���� + ����3 → ����3 +
Composition substance. ����
o Example: Silver chloride- Characteristic:
Metallic oxide + Water= basic white, curdy precipitate
compounds
��� + �2� → ��(��)2
Non-metallic oxide + Water=
Acidic compounds Redox reaction
��2 + �2 � → �2��3 or sulphurous
acid - LEORA- Loss Electron, Oxidation, Reducing Agent
2) Decomposition/ �� → � + � o Breakdown of complex - GEROA- Gain Electron, Reduction, Oxidizing Agent
Analysis substance or compounds into - Example:
elements free=0
simpler substance
● �� → ��+4 + 4�−(Oxidation) Ions composed of only
one atom is equal to the
o Requires Stimuli: Heat or other 0 → +4 −4 charge of ion
stimuli to decompose the Oxygen=-2
compound ● ��3+ + 1�− → ��2+ (Reduction) 1A=+1
+3 − 1 →+ 2 2A=+2
o Example:
�2 � ���� → ↑ �2 + ↑ �2
3) Single � + �� → �� + � o Based on electromotive series or
Replacement activity series of metals D.) Elements
o Examples:
Group 1A
���� + �� → ��� �������� (Alkali Metals)
���� + �� → ���� + �� (��������)
Activity 1.) Hydrogen (H) - a.k.a. “Inflammable air”
Series of
Metals - Lightest element
Rb o Isotopes- same number of protons different neutrons.
K
Ca
Example: Hydrogen
Na a. Protium- most abundant
Mg b. Deuterium- heavy hydrogen (Example: D2O/
Al
Mn
heavy water)
Zn c. Tritium- radioactive
Cr o Isobars- same mass number
Fe
Ni o Isotones- atoms with the same number of neutrons
Sn - Important Compounds of Hydrogen:
Pb a)Water
H
Cu - omnipresent/ present in all places at all
Bi times.
Sb - a.k.a. “Universal solvent”

- Solvent first before solute when mixing
b)Natural/ Mineral Water
1)Alkaline water- components: Na2SO4, MgSO4,
NaHCO3
2)Chalybeate water- contains iron in solution or
suspension and it is characterized with
“ferruginous taste”
3) Lithia water- does not contain lithium
4) Saline water
- a.k.a. “Purgative water”
- contains Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4), Magnesium
Sulfate (MgSO4), and Sodium Chloride (NaCl).
5)Sulfur water- contains Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
(rotten egg)
6)Siliceous water- contains soluble alkali silicates.
- Water Hardness
o Temporary Hardness- it contains dissolved
calcium and magnesium bicarbonate.
o Permanent Hardness- it contains calcium and
magnesium sulfate (it can remove by ion
exchange resin)
c)Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
- a.k.a. “Agua oxigenada” or “Agua oxenada”
- used as treatment for Vincent’s stomatitis as
mouthwash (severe form of mouth sore or
gingivitis or inflammation of gums, S/E: hairy
tongue)
- Commercial availability:
10 mL volume= 3% H2O2- Antiseptic
20 mL volume= 6% H2O2- Bleaching agent
2.) Lithium (Li) - a.k.a. “Earth”, Greek name “Lithos”
- Lightest metal
- Important Compounds of Lithium:
a)Lithium Bromide
- Used as depressants
- Use: heat exchanger in air conditioner
(aircon- Causative agent: Legionella
pneumophila)
b)Lithium Carbonate
- Used as a prophylaxis and treatment of
bipolar disorder.
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- Commercial availability of lithium
carbonate:
o Capsule- Eskaltih
o Tablet- Lithane
o Extended Release Tablet- Quilonium
R
3.) Sodium (Na) - a.k.a. “Natrium”
- major extracellular cation
- Pharmacologic action: Fluid retention
- How does Sodium increase Blood pressure?
↑ �� = ��� × ��
↑ �� =↑ ������ ������ × ��
- Important Sodium Compound:
a)Sodium Acetate- used as a diuretic, urinary and
systemic alkalizer, and antacid.
b)Sodium Bicarbonate- a.k.a. “Baking soda”, use
for systemic antacid and carbonating agent.
c)Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate
- a.k.a. “Fleet enema”- example of evacuation
enema
- It is used as cathartic (drastic in action
compared to laxative which is milder in
action)
o Dihydrogen Phosphate (H2PO4-1)
-Primary anion in intracellular fluid
d)Sodium Chloride
- a.k.a. “Table Salt”, “Rock Salt”, “Solar Salt”
- use as an electrolyte replenisher, tonicity
adjusting agent, and condiments, preservative
e)Sodium Citrate- use as an alkalizer, buffer
(change in pH), given parenterally it shortens the
coagulation time
f)Sodium Fluoride- use as anti-cariogenic (prevents
cavity/ dental caries- Strep. mutants (decay))
g)Sodium Hydroxide
- a.k.a. “Caustic soda”, “Sosa”, “Lye”, “Soda
Lye”
- use as a saponifying agent (soap formation-
hard soap)
- Mnemonics: So Hard (Humok)- Sodium
Hydroxide (Potassium Hydroxide)
h)Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO)
- a.k.a. “Chlorox”, “Dakins solution” (conc.
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solution hypochlorite) (barbiturate, neuromuscular blocker,

- use as an oxidizing agent, disinfectant,
bleaching
- Labarraque’s solution contains 25% NaClO
- Modified dakin’s solution- 450-500 mg
NaClO in 100 mL (Anti-septic, irrigation for
wounds and foot bath
i)Sodium Iodide- use as an expectorant, solubilizer
of iodine in iodine preparations.
j)Sodium Nitrate
- a.k.a. “Chile Salt Peter”
- use as a vasodilator, meat preservation,
treatment in Cyanide poisoning
- Nitrate (Cancerous)
k)Sodium Sulfate
- a.k.a. “Glauber’s salt”
- used as a cathartic
l)Sodium Tartrate
- Primary standard for Karl Fischer reagent
(water content determination)
m)Sodium Thiosulfate
- a.k.a. “Hypochlor”, “Photographer’s Hypo”
- used as a treatment for cyanide poisoning
- Volumetric solution in iodometry and
permanganometry
4.) Potassium (K) - a.k.a. “Kalium”
- Example: Avocado (Highest potassium)
- Major intracellular cation
- Pharmacologic action: use as diuretic, important in
muscle contraction most especially in cardiac
muscle
- Important Compounds of Potassium:
a) Potassium Bitartrate
- a.k.a. “Cream of tartar”
- use as a laxative
b) Potassium Bromide
- Use as a depressant
c) Potassium Carbonate
- a.k.a. “Potash”, “Salt of Peter”, “Pearl Ash”,
“Salt of wormwood”
- use as antacid, carbonating agent
d) Potassium Chloride
- Should be given slow push; lethal injection
potassium chloride (bolus))
- Used as an electrolyte replenisher
e) Potassium Hydroxide
- a.k.a. “Caustic potash”, “Lye potash”
- it is used as saponifying agent (Soft soap)
f) Potassium Iodide
- It is used as an expectorant, antifungal and
volumetric solution in permanganometry
g) Potassium Nitrate
- a.k.a. “Salt Peter”, “Salitre”, “Salt Prunelle”
- it is used as a diuretic, meat preservative
h) Potassium Permanganate
- a.k.a. “Mineral Chameleon”
- it is used as an oxidizing agent and
volumetric solution permanganometry
i) Potassium Sodium Tartrate
- a.k.a. “Rochelle’s salt”, “Sal Seignette”
- it is used as cathartic and sequestering
agent (binds in metals)
- One of the components of Fehling’s B
5.) Ammonium (NH4) - Hypothetical alkali metal/ pseudo alkali metal
- Characteristic same with Group 1A
- It is use as a diuretic, buffer, expectorant, anti-
cariogenic
- Important Compounds of Ammonium:
a)Aromatic Ammonia Spirit
- a.k.a. “the beast respiratory stimulant”
b)Ammonium Bromide (NH4Br)
- use as a depressant/ sedative
c)Ammonium Carbonate
- a.k.a. “Preston Salt”, “Sal Volatile”,
“Hart shorn”
- it is use as expectorant, carbonating
agent
d)Ammonium Chloride
- a.k.a. “Muriate of Hartshorn”
- it is use as expectorant, urinary acidifier
Group 1B
(Coinage Metals)
1.) Copper (Cu) - a.k.a. “Cuprium”

Rough endoplasmic
reticulum- produce
protein
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- the only reddish metal - use as disinfectant

- Component of Hemocyanin and Cytochrome c) Silver proteinates
Oxidase (responsible for metabolism found in o Mild silver proteinate
smooth endoplasmic reticulum) - a.k.a. “Argyrol”
- 2 important alloys of copper: - Use as antiseptic for eyes
1.Brass: Cu + Zn - Concentration of silver: 19-20%
2.Bronze: Cu + Sn o Strong silver proteinates
- Pharmacologic action: protein precipitant, - a.k.a. “Protargol”
enhances physiological utilization of Iron (Fe) - Use as antiseptic for ear and throat
- Toxicity: Wilson’s Disease/ Nephrotoxicity - % Ag= 7.5-8.5%
- Antidote for toxicity: Penicillamine o Colloidal silver proteinate
- Important Compounds for Copper: - a.k.a. “Collargol”
- Use: germicidal
a) Cuppric Sulfate (CuSO4∙5H2O) - % Ag= 18-22%
- a.k.a. “Blue vitriol”, “Blue stone”
- used in Benedicts, Barfoed and 3.)Gold (Au) - a.k.a. “Aurum”, “Shining Dawn”
Fehling’s Reagent - King of all metals
- Test the reducing property of sugar - Most malleable and ductile (form into sheets)
- Antidote: Phosphorus (Luminous - Can be dissolved by:
vomitous) 1)Agua Regia (3HCl:1HNO3)
- Only mixture that can dissolved gold
b) Boardeaux mixture - “Royal water”
- Composed of CuSO4 + CaO 2)Selenic Acid
- Only acid that can be dissolve gold
c) Copper Aseto Arsenate
- a.k.a. “Paris green” Treatment/ Drug Route of Disease
- Use as an insecticide administration
Aurothioglucose IM Gout and
2.)Silver (Ag) - a.k.a. “Argentum” Thiomalate IM rheumatoid
- Pharmacologic Action: Oligodynamic property Auranotin PO arthritis
- Important Compounds of Silver:

Soluble Compounds:
a)Silver Nitrate
- a.k.a. “Indelible ink”, “Lunar caustic”,
“Lapiz infernulariz”, “Caustic pencil”
- Treatment for warts, eye antiseptic for
newborn babies of/ with Gonorrhea
(DOC: Doxycycline, Erythromycin)
- Ophthalmic neonatorum (inflamed eye Group 2A
for babies) (Alkaline Metals)
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
Insoluble Compounds:
b)Silver Iodide 1.)Beryllium (Be) - Most toxic metal
- poisonous - “never employed in medicine”

Carbon- “King of all

elements”
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- Used in making fluorescent lamp 3.) Rickets- “immature mammals”

4.) Hypocalcemia
2.) Magnesium (Mg) - The second major intracellular cation - Important Compounds of Calcium:
- Chlorophyll component
- Component of Grignards reagent a)Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
- Pharmacologic Actions: Laxative, - a.k.a. “Precipitated chalk”,
Depressant, Natura Calcium Channel “Prepared chalk”
Blocker - (Tums)
- Antidote: Calcium gluconate, Maalox - Use: Antacid, Ingredient of
(cancel undesirable effect) toothpaste and dentifrices
- Important Compounds of Magnesium:
Universal antidote: b)Calcium Hydroxide
ATM a)MgCO3 - a.k.a. “Slaked lime”, “Milk of lime”,
Activate - a.k.a. “Magnesia” “Calcium Hydrate”
d charcoal - Use as laxative, antacid - Use: Antacid, Saponifying agent
Tannic
b)Mg(OH)2 c)Calcium Sulfate
Acid
- a.k.a. “Milk of magnesia”, - a.k.a. “Plaster of paris”, “Gypsum”,
MgO
“Magnesia Magma” “terra alba”
1
- Uses: antacid, laxative - Plaster of Paris: CaSO4 ∙ H2O
2
c)MgO (Preparation of surgical cast and
- a.k.a. “Calcined Magnesia” dental impression)
- Use: antacid, laxative, component - Gypsum: CaSO4∙ 2H2O
of universal antidote - Use: Rodenticide, Preparation of
surgical cast and dental impression
d)MgSO4
- a.k.a. “Epsom salt” 4.)Strontium (Sr) - Use: in manufacture of flares
- Use: Cathartic (PO), Anticonvulsant - Important Compounds of Strontium:
(IM) a) Strontium Chloride
- Antidote for Barium toxicity - Use: Temperature
desensitizing agent
3.) Calcium (Ca) - 99% teeth and bones - (Sensodyne)
- Vitamin D is needed for its maximum
absorption 5.)Barium (Ba) - Toxicity: Baritosis
- 2nd major extracellular cation - (+)= Husky voice
FeC CaD SeE - Pharmacologic action: - Antidote: MgSO4/ Epsom salt
o Blood coagulation factor (IV) - Important Compounds of Barium
o Important for muscle contraction a)Barium Sulfate
1st PISO (Potassium In,
o Important for release of neurotransmitter - Use: radiopaque, substance
Sodium Out)
o Primary element for bones and teeth used for Gastric Intestinal
2nd MICO (Magnesium - Deficiency state of calcium: Tract Imaging
In, Calcium out) 1.) Osteoporosis- “porons”
2.) Osteomalacia- “bone density 6.)Radium (Ra) - Marie Curie (1st Polonium)
decrease” - 1st radioactive element use for:
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Cancer radiotherapy, diagnostic - Use: Cathartic, local antiseptic

purposes b)Mercuric Chloride
- a.k.a. “Corrosive Sublimate”
Group 2B - Use: disinfectant
(Volatile Metals)
Group 3A
1.)Zinc (Zn) - Present in Insulin
- Pharmacologic Action: 1.)Boron (B) - Use: Vulcanizing rubber
o Astringent- constrict pores - Important Compounds of Boron:
o Antiseptic
o Antiperspirant a)Boric Acid (H3BO3)
o Protectant - a.k.a. “Sal sedativum
- Deficiency: Parakeratosis hombergi”, “Sal sativum”
- Manifestation: Scaly skin - Toxicity: Lobster appearance
- Toxicity: Metal fume fever - Use: antiseptic, eyewash, wet
- Antidote: Sodium Bicarbonate/ Baking soda dressing for wounds

2.)Cadmium (Cd) - Pharmacologic Action: Astringent 2.)Aluminum (Al) - Most abundant metal
- Other use: Manufacture of stink bomb - 3rd most abundant element
- Toxicity: Itai-ITai (Ouch-Ouch) - Pharmacologic Use: Astringent,
- Japan Aluminum foil use for burned patients
- Antidote: - Important Compounds of Aluminum:
All sulphides are black except
o British Anti-Lewisite/BAL a)Aluminum Chloride
for Cadmium, Zinc and
o Dimercaprol - Use: Astringent, Antiseptic,
Manganese.
- Important Compounds of Cadmium: Antiperspirant (sweat)/
Cadmium sulfide- “Yellow”
Deodorant (odor)
Zinc sulfide- “white”
a)Cadmium Chloride b)Alum
Manganese sulfide-
- Use: emetic, treatment of Tinea - Use: Astringent
“Salmon/pink”
infection - Salt:
o Ammonium salts (AlNH4
b)Cadmium Sulfide
(SO4)2∙12H2O)
- Use: Anti-seborrheic
o Potassium salts (AlK
- a.k.a. “Yellow sulfide”
(SO4)2∙12H2O)
3.)Mercury (Hg) - a.k.a. “Quick Silver”, “Messenger of god”
- Use: antiseptic, treatment of syphilis 3.)Gallium (Ga) - Substitute for Mercury in manufacture
(Spirochete: Triponema pallidum), cathartic, of Arc lamp (imax theatre)
parasiticidal, fungicidal
- Industrial use: Manufacture of thermometer, Carbon Group (4A)
analgams (dental cement) C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb
- Toxicity: Minamata disease
1.)Carbon (C) - “King of all elements”
- Antidote: EDTA
- Manifestations:
- Important Compound of Mercury:
o Crystalline- Graphite,
a)Mecurous Chloride
diamonds
- a.k.a. “Calomel”
o Amorphous- Coal, Anthracite
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- Types of Coal: f)Silica gel

o Soft- Bituminous - Hydrolized orthosilicate
o Hard- Anthracite g)Simethicone
- Important Compounds of Carbon: - a.k.a. “Polymeric Climethyl
a)Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Siloxane”
- Liquid form of CO2: use as a - (Relestal)
treatment of acne, warts, - Use: antiflatulent
corns, calluses, eczema
b) Bircarbonate (CO3-2) 3.)Tin (Sn ) - Cassiterite: Principle Ore (Source) of Tin
- Use as antacid and for - a.k.a. “Stannum”
effervescent tablet - Use: Preparation of tin cans
c)Carbon Monoxide (CO) - Important Compounds of Tin:
- 210x greater affinity to a) Stannous Fluoride (SnF2)
haemoglobin than oxygen - Use: Anticariogenic (8%)
leading to asphyxia then b) Stannous Oxide (SnO2)
death - Use: Germicidal
- Treatment of asphyxia:
4.)Lead (Pb) - a.k.a. “Plumbum”
1.) 100% O2
- Use: Astringent, Protein precipitant
2.) Artificial air (20% O2, 80%
- Toxicity: Plumbism/ Saturnism (targets
He)
the brain, 3% decrease in IQ)
3.) Hyperboric O2
- Sources of Poisoning: Lead Pipe,
2.)Silicon (Si) - 2nd most abundant element Paints, Batteries (toys have high
- Important Compounds of Silicilates: content of lead)
a)Kaolin - Antidote:
- Native Hydrated Aluminum Oxygen- green Chronic Poisoning
Silicate (NHAS) Helium- brown o EDTA (chelating agent)
- a.k.a. “China Clay” Nitrogen- black o Dimercaprol
- adsorbent Nitrous oxide- blue o Penicillamine
b)Bentonite Acetylene- maroon Acute Poisoning
- Native Colloidal Hydrated o Na2SO4 (Sodium sulfate)
Aluminum Silicate (NCHAS) o MgSO4 (Magnesium sulfate)
- Use: suspending agent - Important Compounds of Lead:
c)Feldspar a) Lead Acetate (Pb (CH3COO)2)
- Potassium Aluminum Silicate - a.k.a. “Sugar of Lead”
(PAS) - Use: Astringent
d)Talc b) Lead subacetate (Pb2 (CH3COO)
- Hydrated Magnesium Silicate - a.k.a. “Goulard’s extract”
e)Attapulgite - Uses: Astringent, Antiseptic
- Hydrated Magnesium c) Lead Monoxide (PbO)
Aluminum Silicate - a.k.a. “Litharge”
- a.k.a. “Diatabs”,
Group 3B
“Polymagma quintes”
- adsorbent
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1.)Scandium - “Eka boron” - poisonous

b)Red phosphorus
2.)Yttrium - “Lanthum” - Commonly seen in matches
- Non-poisonous
Group 4B
3.)Arsenic (As) - a.k.a. “Lewisite metal”
1.)Titanium (Ti) - a.k.a. “Titan”, “Son of the Earth”
- Antidote: BAL/ British Anti-Lewisite
- Important Compounds of Titanium:
4.)Antimony (Sb) - Pharmacologic use: Expectorant,
a) Titanium dioxide (TiO2)
Emetic, Anthelminthic
- Use: Opacifying Agent
- Important Compounds of Antimony:
- (Ocusert)
a)Antimony Potassium Oxotartrate
- Paint
- a.k.a. “Tartar emetic”,
2.)Zirconium (Zr) - Use: Astringent/ Anti-perspirant “Brown mixture”
(Banned: cause granuloma formation) - Use: emetic, treatment of
schistosomiasis
3.)Germanium (Ge) - Discover by Winkler
- Mineral source from Argyrodite 5.)Bismuth (Bi) - Pharmacologic use: Astringent,
- Use: increase the formation of RBC’s, Antiseptic, Internal protective for ulcer
treatment of anemia - S/E: Dark stool/ Blue-black (Intestinal
H2S, acts upon Bismuth salts to form
Group 5A Bismuth sulfide (Black/Dark))
(Nitrogen group) - Antidote: BAL/ Dimercaprol
- Important Compounds of Bismuth:
1.)Nitrogen (N) - a.k.a. “Mephitic Air”, “Azote” (without a)Bismuth Citrate, USP
life) - (Polyrid)
- Most abundant gas in Air - Ranitidine and Bismuth
- 79%N2, 21%O2 (normal level of O2 Citrate (H2 antagonist/ anti-
physiological needs) ulcer)
- Very stable b)Milk of Bismuth
- Use: Inert atmosphere, Vials/ ampule - a.k.a. “Bismuth Cream”,
(prevents spillage) “Bismuth magma”
- Important Compounds of Nitrogen:
a)Liquid Nitrogen Group 5B
- Use: refrigerant
b)Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 1.)Vanadium
- a.k.a. “Laughing gas”
2.)Tantalum - Not affected by body fluids
- Use: inhalational anesthetic
- Use: sheet form use in repair of bones,
(S/E: Diffusion, Hypoxia)
nerve and tissue
- Store: container blue
Group 6A
2.)Phosphorus (P) - a.k.a. “Light carrier”, “St. Elmo’s Fire”
(Chalogen)
- 2 Forms of Phosphorus:
a)White phosphorus
- a.k.a. “Yellow Phosphorus”
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1.)Oxygen - a.k.a. “Empyreal air”, 3.)Bromine (Br) - Dark reddish brown fuming liquid with
“Dephlogisticated air”, “Yne” suffocating odor
- Most abundant element - Pharmacologic action: Sedative/
- Use/ treatment: Hypoxia/ Asphyxia Depressant
- Store: Container green - Toxicity: Bromism
- Manifestation: Psychosis, weakness,
2.)Sulfur - a.k.a. “Enemy of Copper”, skin eruption, headache
“Brimstone”, “Shulbari” - Antidote: Sodium Chloride,
- Use: Depilatory agent (remove Ammonium Chloride
excessive hair), Keratolytic (warts),
Anti-dandruff 4.)Iodide (I) - Use: expectorant, anti-fungal
- Deficiency: goiter
3.)Selenium (Se) - a.k.a. “Selena”, “Moon” - Toxicity: iodism
- Essential trace element that promotes - Elemental Iodine preparation:
absorption of Vitamin E. 1)Strong Iodine Solution
Cation (PISO, MICO) - Important Compounds of Selenium: - a.k.a. “Lugol’s solution”
Anion (DhiClO)- a)Selenium Sulfide (SeS2) - 5% of Iodine
Dihydrogen - a.k.a. “Selsun blue” 2)Iodine Tincture/ Alcohol
Phosphate in, - Use: 25% (Anti-dundruff) - Use: disinfectant
Chlorine out - 2% of Iodine
Group 6B
3)Povidone-Iodine
1.)Chromium (Cr) - Natural source: Chromite - a.k.a. “Betadine”
- 10% of Iodine
2.)Molybdenum (Mo) - Natural source: Wulfenite, Powelite,
Molybdite 5.)Astatin (At) - a.k.a. “Black sheep” of halogen group
- Only metallic
Group 7A
- Only synthetic halogen/ manmade or
(Halogens)
prepared in laboratory
1.)Fluorine (F) - Use: strongest oxidizing agent - Only radioactive
- Poisoning/ Toxicity: Fluorosis
Group 7B
- Manifestations: mottled enamel,
1.)Manganese (Mn) - Third most abundant transition metal
abnormal bone growth
- Important Compounds of Fluorine: 2.)Rhenium (Re) - isolated by Noddack, Tacke, Berg from
a)Sodium Fluoride (NaF) Gadolinite
- Use: anticariogenic at 2%
b)Stannous Fluoride 3.)Technetium (Tc) - First element produced or created
- Use: anticariogenic at 8% artificially

2.)Chlorine (Cl) - a.k.a. “Dephlogesticated”, “Muriatic Group 8A

acid” (Noble gases)
- Most abundant extracellular anion
- Use: water disinfectant 1.)Helium (He) - Second lightest element
- Toxicity: Donald-duck like sound
 MODULE 1: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (20%) PAGE \*
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- Storage: Container brown - a.k.a. “Prussian blue”

f)Ferrous Ferricyanide/
2.)Neon (Ne) - Use: lights, advertising purposes Ferroferricyanide (Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2)
- a.k.a. “Turnbull’s blue”
3.)Argon (Ar) - Most abundant noble gas (stable,
octet rule) 2.)Ruthenium (Ru) - Use: catalyst (speeds up chemical
reaction) in the production of
4.)Krypton (Kr) - Least abundant of all noble gases
Ammonia (NH3)
- Have inhalation anesthetic activity
3.)Osmium (Os) - Densest element
5.)Xenon (Xe) - Investigational with inhalational
anesthetic 4.)Cobalt (Co) - Pinkish-whitish metal
- Ions:
6.)Radon (Rn) - a.k.a. “Niton”
o Cobaltous (Co2+)/Cobalt (II)
- Synthetic noble gas use for treatment
o Cobaltic (Co3+)- powerful
of cervical cancer
oxidizing agent
Group 8B
5.)Rhodium (Rh) - Used as a catalyst: Hydrogenation
Fe, Co, Ni
(formation of vegetable oil) and
Ru, Rh, Pd
hydroformylation reactions
Os, Ir, Pt
6.)Iridium (Ir) - Used as a catalyst in the production of
1.)Iron (Fe) - Present in proteins
Acetic Acid
- Hemoglobin- oxyganet
- 2 forms of Iron blood: 7.)Nickel (Ni) - Moderately lustrous silvery metal
1)Transferrin- transport form - Toxicity: Contact dermatitis
2)Ferritin- storage form
- Use: Hematinic, Enhance absorption of 8.)Palladium (Pd) - Use: catalyst in hydrogenation and
Vitamin C, Copper dehydrogenation reaction
- Important Compounds of Iron:
a)Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO4) 9.)Platinum (Pt) - Use: catalyst in hydrogenation process
- 2nd most potent
- a.k.a. “Green vitriol”
- Use: Hematinic
- S/E: Constipation Upper Oxidizing Zone
b)Ferrous Gluconate oxidation
- Least potent doesn’t require
- (Fergon) Lower Oxidizing Zone
c)Ferrous fumarate Oxidation
- Most potent dissolved in “B
- (Toleron) Upper Reducing Zone
d)Ferrous Carbonate (FeCO3) Rich
carbon
- a.k.a. “Chalybeate pills”,
Lower Reducing Zone
“Ferroginous pills”
Reducing
e)Ferric Ferrocyanide (Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3)
with air. Redu
beads.
Fusion zone/ Higher-Tem
Hottest p
flame
Lower Temperature Zone
Test for
substance (Fla
 MODULE 1: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (20%) PAGE \*
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Group-Member Ppt form and Visual

result in AgNO3 +6M
HNO3

Group 1 Anion Cl-, Br-, I- Insoluble in HNO3

o AgCl (White)
o AgBr (Cream)
o AgI (Yellow)

Flame tests Group 2 Anion NO2-, S-2, C2H3O2 Ag2S (Black ppt) -
(Nitrite, Sulfide, Acetate) Soluble in HNO3
Metals Non-luminous flame Under cobalt glass NO2- and C2H3O2 - No
precipitate
1.) Sodium Intense yellow/ Nil
persistent golden
yellow Group 3 Anion SO3-2, CO3-2, C2O4-2 White ppt- soluble in
(Sulfite, Carbonate, Oxalate) HNO3
2.) Potassium Violet Crimson red
Group 4 Anion PO3-3, AsO4-3, CrO4 Soluble in HNO3
3.) Lithium Carmine red Purple
(Phosphite, Arsenate, o Ag3PO4 (Yellow
Chromate) ppt)
4.) Calcium Brick red Light green
o Ag3AsO4
5.) Strontium Crimson red Purple (Brown ppt)
o Ag3CrO4 (Red
6.) Barium Yellow green Blue green ppt)

7.) Borate, Copper, Green N/A Group 5 Anion NO3-, ClO- No ppt
Thalium, Phosphorus (Nitrate, Hypochlorite)

8.) Lead, Arsenic, Blue Yellow Group 6 Anion SO4- No ppt

Antimony, Bismuth, (sulfate)
Copper

9.) Ammonium Colorless N/A

Group Other names

Mnemonics: Negatively charge ion (-)
of
Sr Crim anions
Cations
Ca Brick Positively charge ions (+)
Li Carmine cations 1 Insoluble Chloride Pb2+, Hg+2, Ag+ Form ppt with HCl
group (Plumbous, Mercuric,
Pot Crim Silver)
Lead Yellow
Lit Pur
Ca Light
So Nil
 MODULE 1: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (20%) PAGE \*
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2 Acidic insoluble Hg2+2 Mercury (II) o Does not react vapor turns
sulfides Bi+3 Bismuth (II) with HCl red litmus
Cu2+ Cuppric/ o Ppt H2S (dilute paper to blue
Copper (II) mineral acid)
Cd+2 Cadmium (II) o Ppt NH4S in
As+3 Arsenic (III) neutral or Cation
As+5 Arsenic (V) ammoniacal
Sb+3 Antimony (III) solution
Sb+5 Antimony (V)
Sn+2 Stannous, Tin (II)
Sn+4 Stannic, Tin (IV)

3 Base insoluble Fe2+ Ferrous Do not react with

sulfides Fe3+ Ferric HCl and H2S in
Al3+ dilute mineral
Cr3+ Chromic acid medium.
Cr6+ However, ppt with
Color reactions:
Ni+3 (NH4)2S in neutral/
Co2+ Ammoniacal Unknown Test
Mn+2 Solution
Mn7+ Acetate Sulfuric + Ethanol → Fruity odor
Zn7+
Aluminum Ammonium TS→ Gelatinous ppt
4 Sulfate insoluble Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ o Do not react
sulphides with HCl, H2S - excess Ammonium TS→Dissolve
and (NH4)2S Aluminum reagent→ Red lake
o Ppt with NH4Cl
in neutral or NH4SCN Acid Cobalt Solution → Intense blue colored complex
slightly acidic (Ammonium at interphase
medium thiocyanate)
Ferric Salt→Blood red ferric thiocyanate

5 Soluble group Mg , Na , K ,
2+ + +
NH4+ o Do no react Borates Sulfuric Acid+ Methanol→Green borded flame
with any of the
reagents Turmeric paper→Orange + NaOH→Olive green
o Na+ have
yellow ppt
with Cobalt
Uranyl
acetate
o K+ white ppt
with Sodium
bitartrate
o NH4+
alkalanized

(NH4)2S in
neutral/ +NH4 Cl
+HS, dilute Ammonial
solution
 MODULE 1: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (20%) PAGE \*
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Chemistry
- Branch of science that deals with matter (anything that
occupies space and has mass).
- Deals with structure and composition of matter, the
changes that matter undergo and the energy involved.
Mass- refers to the amount of matter present in the material.
Weight- the measure of the Earths gravitational attraction of an
object.
Earth Moon

Mass 63.5 kg 63.5 kg

Weight 623 N T (103 N)

 MODULE 1: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (20%) PAGE \*
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(140 lbs) (21 lbs) state/ 2. Liquid

phases 3. Gas- highest entropy
Plasma- ionized gas; very similar properties to gas
4. Liquid Crystal
Unit of Measurement (Metric System) - In between liquid and solid
- Crystal lattice with flow properties
Quantity Name of Unit Symbol
B. Based on Matter
Length Meter m Constitution
or
Mass Kilogram Kg Pure Impure
Composition
Time Second sec
Elements Compounds
Temperature Kelvin K

Amount of substance Mole mol Heterogenous Homogenous

Elements
Electric current Amphere A
● Symbol: H, O, N, P, Na
Luminous intensity Candela Cd ● 118 Elements in Periodic table
● IUPAC- give official names

Compounds
Properties of matter - Combination of elements
- Formulas: H2O, CO2
A. Intrinsic/ Intensive
- Mass independent; amount independent Heterogenous
- Ratio of 2 extensive properties - 2 or more distinct phases
����
- Examples: Density ( ������ ), Boiling Point, Melting Point,
Homogeneous
Temperature, pH, Chirality, Concentration, Taste - 1 phase system
- Example: Solution, Colloids, Suspension
B. Extrinsic/ Extensive
- Qualities that are not characteristics of the substance itself Separation of Mixtures
- Mass dependent; amount dependent 1. Decantation Diff. in specific gravity
- Examples: Weight, Volume, Heat content and pressure
2. Distillation Evaporation followed
by condensation
3. Evaporation From liquid state to
vapor state
4. Magnetic For metals
Separation

Classification of Matter 5. Filtration By use of filter paper

A. Based on 1. Solid- lowest entropy (degree of disorder/
Physical randomness)
 MODULE 1: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (20%) PAGE \*
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6. Sorting Mechanical molecular concentration of

separation the reacting substance.
7. Centrifugation To increase settling of - ↑ �� + �� ↔ �� + ��
a precipitate ����
8. Fractional Based on diff. in �=
����
crystallization solubility SOLUBLE A - 2�2(�) + �2(�) → �2�(�)
SOLUBLE B [�2 �]2
�=
T=Sol. A [�2 ]2 [�2]
Room temp.

9. Chromatography Diff. in solvent affinity Properties of Colloids

1. Tyndall effect Cannot be seen in
water compared to
Capillary action colloidal substance
Sub. A 2. Brownian Movement Zigzag
Sub. B
Mobile Phase
Sub. C 3. Electrically charged Principle used in
electrophoresis:
Stationary phase: ● Cathode- attract
cellulose (there is cations;
water) in filter paper negatively
charge
Formation of Compounds (reduction)
Law Governing RedCat
Matter and
● Anode- attracts
Energy
anions; positively
Law of - No change is observed in
charge
Conservation the total mass of the
of Mass (oxidation) AnOxi
substance involved in a
chemical reaction. 4. Adsorption
- � + �2 → ��2
12 � + 2(16 �) → 44�
Law of - Elements combine in fixed Physical Changes/ Phase Transformations
Definite/ ratios of whole numbers to
Freezing Evaporation/ vaporization
Constant form compounds.
Composition -�2 �: 2�: 1�
Law of Multiple - a.k.a. “Dalton’s Law” Solid Liquid Gas
Proportions - Elements may combine in
different ratios of whole Melting Condensation
number to form different
compounds.
Sublimation (dry ice, naphthalene)
Law of Mass - The rate of a chemical
Action reaction is directly
proportional to the Deposition- Water vapor (Snow/ ice)
 MODULE 1: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (20%) PAGE \*
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will ↑ will ↓ in
oxidation oxidation
Chemical Changes/ Chemical Reactions
state/ state/
1. Direct Union/ - Formation of more complex
valence valence
synthesis/ substances from simpler
Composition substances. o Half o Gain of
- Example: reaction electron
o �� + �� → ���� which
o �� + � → ���
involves
o �� + �2 → ���
loss of
o � + �2 → ��2
electron
o ��� + �2� → �� �� 2
o ��2 + �2� → �2 ��3 o Reducing o Oxidizing
����� ����� + ����� = ����
Agent Agent
��� − ����� ����� + ����� = ����
Mnemonics: MOB/ NOA o Addition of o Addition of
O2/ H2 /
2.Decomposition/ - Breakdown of complex
Removal of Removal of
Analysis substance into simpler
H2 O2
substance
- Example:
�2 � ������������ → �2 + �2 Example:
�����3 ���� → ��2� + ��2
+ �2� ● Oxidation: ��0 →
3.Single - � + �� → �� + � ��+ + �−
Replacement - Example: ● Reduction: ��2 + 2�− →
�� + ��� → ���� + �2 2��−
4.Double - Reaction in which 2
Displacement/ compounds switch or
Metathesis exchange partners Evidence of Chemical Change:
- �� + �� → �� + �� A. Evolution of gas
- Example: ���� + ����3 → B. Formation of a precipitate
����3 + ���� C. Emission of light
D. Generation of electricity
Neutralization: reaction between E. Production of Mechanical Energy
acid and base forming salt and F. Absorption/ Liberation of heat
water
- Example: H �� + ���� → ���� + Nuclear Change- change in the structure, properties,
�2 � composition of the nucleus of an atom resulting in the
transmutation of the element into another element.
5.Redox reaction - Transfer of electron Nuclear Fission- splitting of a heavy atom.
Nuclear Fusion- union 2 light atoms to form a bigger
Oxidation Reduction molecule.
(VILEORA) (VDGEROA)
Structure of Atom
o Compound o Compound
 MODULE 1: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (20%) PAGE \*
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1. Democritus Matter is composed of indivisible a) Isotopes

particles called “atomos” - same element, same Z, diff. A
2. John - Modification of Democritus - Same element, same #p but diff. # of n
Dalton Theory - Example: Hydrogen
- “Atoms”
Mass # #� #� ����
- The Billiard Ball Model (hard and
1 0 1 ������� − �������� �������
indestructible) 2 1 1 ���������
3 2 1 �������
Disproved the Billiard ball model (hard and
b) Isobars- atoms of diff. elements with same
indestructible)
mass #
Subatomic particles:
a. Electron (-): JJ Thomson c) Isotones- atoms of diff. elements with same # n
b. Protons (+): Goldstein d) Isomers- same molecular formula but diff.
c. Neutrons (neutral): Chadwick and Urey structures
- Were used to describe elements:
3. Thomson - “Raisin Bread Model”, “Plum
Atomic # (Z) - # of protons Pudding Model”
- # of electrons (for - Atom is a sphere of a positive
neutral) particle to which are
embedded the negative
Mass #/Atomic mass - # of protons + # particles
(A) neutrons - Solid phase
- # of electron + #
neutrons (for neutral) 4. Ernst - “The Nuclear Model”
- Z + # neutrons Rutherford - Performed the gold foil/ film
experiment
- The gold foil was bombarded
with alpha particles (+2 charge)
- Alpha- particles were repelled
- Atomos:
a. Empty space
Neutral #p = # e b. Nucleus: (+) center; p+n
(+) #p > # e c. Electrons are scattered
(-) #p < # e around the nucleus
Charge # p + #e
5. Neils Bohr - “The Planetary Model”
Example: - Nucleus is in the center, the
Element
electrons are more around it by
circular paths or “orbitals”
- Each orbitals energy is
quantized

6. Schrodinger - “The Quantum Mechanical

Model”
Related terms
 MODULE 1: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (20%) PAGE \*
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- Electron is more in a 30 space 0 s sublevel Spherical

which is called an electron 1 p sublevel dumbbell
cloud 2 d sublevel 4 lobes
- Electrons can be found in the 3 f sublevel 6-8 lobes
main energy C. Magnetic # (M; Ml)
shell→subshell→orbital - Values: -l, 0, +l
- Function: Determine the orientation in
space of the electron cloud; corresponds
Quantum Number to the orbital
- Are sets of numbers that are used to describe D. Spin (S; Ms)
an electron - Values: -1/2, +1/2
- Function: Direction of rotation of electron
n Possible Possible values of # of Total # of
values of l Ml orbitals in orbital in Principles:
subshell shell 1. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
1 0 0 1 1 (2 e-) - No two electron can have the same set
2 0, 1 0 1, 3 4 (8 e-) of quantum #
-1, 0, +1 - Each orbital can only accommodate 2
3 0, 1, 2 0 1, 3, 5 9 (18 e-) electron
-1, 0, +1 2. Aufbau/ Building-up principle
-2, -1, 0, +1, +2
- Used to write electron configuration
4 0, 1, 2, 3 0 1, 3, 5, 7 16 (32 e-)
- Lower energy levels are filled first
-1, 0, +1
- Example: 4s vs. 3d vs. 4p
-2, -1, 0, +1, +2
-3. -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, - Use n + l rule
+3 - ↑�+�= ↑�
4� 3� 4�
A. Principal Quantum # 4+0 3+2 4+1
4 5 5
- Values: positive integer (1, 2, 3)
=1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
- Function: describe the total energy of an
3. Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
electron
- Follow this rule in filling up orbitals with
↑ � =↑ ������
the same energy
- Describes the size of an electron cloud/ -
Example: 6C= 1s2 2s2 2p2
atom
8O= 1s 2s 2p
2 2 4
↑ � =↑ ����
n# 4. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
1 K shell - Impossible to measure simultaneously
2 L shell the location and momentum of an
3 M shell electron
B. Angular Momentum/ Azimuthal # (l)
Periodic Table
- Values: 0→n-1 1. Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
- Function: Determines the shape of - Credited for setting up a table of
electron cloud; corresponds to sublevel/ elements
shell - Tabulated the elements: Gases, Metals,
l# Sublevel Shape Minerals
 MODULE 1: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (20%) PAGE \*
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2. Dobereneir lanthanoids/ rare earth metals

- Proposed the Laws of Triad - Bottom elements: Actinide series/ actinoids/
- 3 members per group with similarities in heavy rare-earth metals
physical and chemical property
- Example: Group #: column
o Li, Na, K Period #: row
Family A: representative elements (S and P blocks)
o Cl, Br, I
Family B: transition elements (D and F blocks)
o S, Se, Te
o Ca, Ba, Sr
Periodic Properties
3. Newland 1. Atomic size/ radius
- Proposed the “Law of Octaves”
- Within group (Top to Bottom: ↑)
- Same property repeated for every 8
elements - Within period (Left to Right: ↓)
4. Meyer and Mendeleev 2. Ionization energy/ potential
- Proposed the “1st Periodic Law” - Amount of energy required to remove
- Physical and chemical property of an electron from a neutral atom to
elements are periodic functions of their convert it to a positively charged ion
atomic weights. - Within group (Top to bottom:↓)
- Arranged in order of increasing atomic
- Within period (Left to right: ↑)
weights.
- Group 8A (↑ ���������� ���������)
- Discrepancies: K (belong to the noble
3. Electron affinity
gas) and Ar (belong to alkali metals)
- Amount of energy release when a
5. Mosley
neutral atom accepts an electron in its
- Physical and chemical property of
outer most shell to convert it to a
elements are periodic functions of
negatively charged ion
atomic numbers
- No more discrepancies - Within group (Top to bottom:↓)
- Within period (Left to right: ↑ )
4. Electronegativity
- The tendency of an atom to attract
electron to itself when it is chemically

S D P
combined with another atom
- Within group (Top to bottom: ↓)
- Within period (Left to right: ↑)
- Group 7A (very ↑Electronegativity)
- Fluorine- most Electronegative element

F 5.
- F>0>N=Cl
Metallic/ Non-metallic property
- Within group (Top to bottom: ↑ metallic,
↓
F block Non-metallic)
- 1st 14 elements: Lanthanides series/ - Within period (Left to right: ↓metallic, ↑
 MODULE 1: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (20%) PAGE \*
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Non-metallic) 9F: 1s2 2s2 2p5 F-: 1s2 2s2 2p6 = [Ne]

Metals Non-metals 2. Electron sharing

- Good conductors - Poor conductors - Between non-metals
of heat and - Acidic oxides - Produce neutral particles=molecules
electricity - Dull and Brittle if - Covalent bond
- Form Basic oxides solid - Example: H2: H(1s1) + H (1s1)
- Lustrous, ductile, - ↓ Density, ↓ Melting
malleable point H∙ ∙H
- ↑ Density, ↑ Melting - Tend to accept H∙∙H
- 1 covalent bond= 2 shared
point electron
electrons
- Tend to loose
- There must be an overlapping
electron
of atomic orbital:
a. Head on: sigma
molecular orbital/ bond
b. Lateral/ sideways: pi
↑ EA, EN, IP, Non-metal molecular orbital/ bond

Covalent bonds:
a. Non-polar
- Similar atoms; equal sharing of
electron; similar EN
- EX. H-H
↑ Size, Radius, Metallic b. Polar
- Dissimilar atoms; unequal sharing of
electron; extent of sharing is
Chemical bonding determined by EN
- Forces that hold atoms together - Example:
- Results of atomic quest for stability (having an
o H-C → dipole/ polar; charge
electron configuration as that of the noble
gases) separation
- Stable octet- orbitals are completely filled with o CCl4 → non-polar even if it has
electron polar bonds

To attain stability:
1. Electron transfer
- Between metal/ metalloid ( ↓ IP) and
non-metal (↑EA)
- Formation of charged particles:
Electrostatic attraction (Cations,
Anions) o Dipole movement: vector quantity B
- Ionic bond P V
1
o Same magnitude but opposite in direction-
11Na: 1s 2s 2p 3s Na+: 1s2 2s2 2p6 = [Ne]
2 2 6
dipole moment cancelled out G T
(Could T
Girls Possi
Virgin
 MODULE 1: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (20%) PAGE \*
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o Look asymmetry: ↑ �1 �2
- = n, V
- Symmetrical: Non-polar ↑ �1 �2
- Asymmetrical: Polar
o Lone pairs- polar 3. Charles’ Law
- Example: - At constant P and # of moles, the V
of the gas is directly proportional to T
↑ �1 �2
- = n,
↑ �1 �2
P
4. Combined Gas Law
- Provides convenient expression for
Intramolecular Forces of attraction performing gas law calculations
- No bonds formed, all just are electrostatic involving the most common variables:
attraction PV ant T
- Forces that hold molecules together �1�1 �2 �2
- Order: H bonding>D-D>LDF - =
�1 �2
1. H Bonding
- Hydrogen attaches N, O, F 5. Avogadro’s Law
- Strongest - 2 gases which occupy equal V under
the same T and P contain the same #
of moles
- At constant T and P, V is directly
proportional to # of moles
2. Dipole-Dipole Interaction/ Keesome �1 �2
Interaction - =
�1 �2
- Polar molecules/ permanent 6. Ideal Gas Law/ Ideal Gas
dipoles - Equation of State: PV=nRT (R is
- Stronger than LDF constant)
3. London Dispersion Forces/ Induced- - 1 mole of ideal gas= occupies 9
Dipole-Induced-Dipole/ Vander Waals volume of 22.4 L at STP
- Non-polar molecules only have o ST= 0℃=273K
this o SP=1atm/760 mmHg/ 760
- All molecule have this torr
- Weakest - R- universal gas constant
Gas Laws Units Numerical value
1. Boyle’s Law
- At constant T and # of moles, the V of � ∙ ���/��� ∙ � 0.08206
the gas is inversely proportional with P
- P1V1=P2V2 n, T �/��� ∙ � 8.314
↑ ↓
2. Gay-Lussac’s Law ���/��� ∙ � 1.987
- At constant V and # of moles, the P
of the gas is directly proportional to T �3 ∙ ��/��� ∙ � 8.314
 MODULE 1: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (20%) PAGE \*
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� ∙ ����/��� ∙ � 62.36 # �� ���������� ��. �� ������

3. Normality=
� �� ��������
�
�� ×F
7. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure � �� ��������
- Applies to gaseous mixture
- The total pressure of a gaseous
mixture is equal to the sum of the Acids: F=# of replaceable H+
partial pressure of its components
HCl F=1
- �� = �1 + �2 + �3 + ⋯
8. Graham’s Law of Diffusion H2SO4 F=2
- The rate of diffusion of a gas is
inversely proportional to the square H3PO4 F=3
root of its molecular weight or density.
- Example: Hz ( ↑ ) vs. CH4( ↓ ) CH3COO F=?
H
Solutions
- Composed of: Salts: F= total (+) or (-) charges
o Solute- component present is lesser
amount NaCl F=1
o Solvent- in greater amount
- Factors affecting solubility: MgO F=2
1. Nature of solute and solvent- polarity
K3C6H5O7 F=3
(like dissolves like)
2. Temperature
Bases: F=# of replaceable OH-
- ↑ ���� = ? ��� �� ����� �� ������
- Except M: NaOH F=1
o Exothermic- example: NaOH
and CaC2O4 Mg (OH)2 F=2
o Systems involving gas
Al (OH)3 F=3
3. Pressure
- ↑ � =↑ ���. �� ��� �� ������ (�����'����) NH4OH F=1
- Applies on gases only
4. Surface area Oxidizing agents: F=# of electrons
- ↑ �� =↓ �������� ���� =↑ ���. gained
- Units of solution concentration:
# �� ����� �� ������ (�)
Mn+7O4→Mn2+ F=5
1. Molarity (M)=
� �� ��������
�
�= Reducing agents: F=# of electrons
��
loss
�
2. Molality (m)= F=1
�� �� ������� Fe2+→ Fe+
�� �� ������� = �� �� �������� − �� ��������
 MODULE 1: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (20%) PAGE \*
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���� ������� ��.

4. Formality (F)= � �� �������� General Properties of Acid and Base
- For ionic compounds Properties Acids Base
Taste Sour Bitter
Acidity and Basicity Litmus Blue→Red Red→Blue
1. Arrhenius Theory
Aqueous Yes Yes
o Acid
solution
- substance that yields H+ in
conduct in
aqueous solution electricity
- Example: ��� + �2� → �+ +
−
�� Properties Acids Bases
o Base Phenolphthalein Turns colorless Turns pink
- substance that yields OH- in Methyl orange Turns red Turns yellow
aqueous solution Most common HCl, HBr, HI, NaOH, KOH,
- Example: ���� + �2 � → strong acid and HNO3, HClO3, Ca (OH)2
��+ + ��− bases HClO4, H2SO4

2. Bronsted-Lowry Theory Electrolytes- substances whose aqueous solution

- Acid: proton donor (H+) conduct electricity such as acids, bases and salts
- Base: proton acceptor a. Strong electrolytes
- Conjugative acid-base pairs - Strong acids and bases, most salts
- Example: - Complete dissociation
o HCl + H2O→Cl- + H3O+ b. Weak electrolytes
Acid Base C-base C-acid - Weak acids and bases
- Slight dissociation
o NH3 + H2O→NH4+ + OH-
- Incomplete dissolution
Basic Acid C-acid C-base
c. Non-Electrolytes
- Amphoteric: H2O
- Do not conduct electricity
3. Lewis
- Acid: electron pair acceptor Salts
- Base: electron pair donor Examples
- Chelating agents: cage-like structure Strong Acid + Strong
that traps heavy metals
HCl + NaOH → NaCl +
Base= Neutral salt H2O
- Have many donor atoms (lone pairs)
Strong Acid + Weak HCl + NH4OH → NH4Cl +
- Lewis bases
Base= Acidic salt H2O
- Example: EDTA, BAL
- Summary: 6 donor atoms Weak Acid + Strong CH3COOH +
Base= Basic Salt NaOH → NaCH3COO +
Theory Acid Base H2O
Arrhenius Yields H+ in Yields OH- in Weak Acid + Weak NH4OH +
water water Base= Can form neutral, CH3COOH → NH4CH3CO
Bronsted-Lowry Proton donor Proton acidic or basic salt O + H2O
acceptor
Lewis Electron pair Electron pair Thermodynamics- study of energy, work and heat and
acceptor donor their inter-relation to one another
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1. Thermodynamic System- any part of the spontaneously evolves

universe isolated from the rest by a boundary towards it
2. Surrounding- everything outside the system 3. Third Law of The entropy of a system
Thermodynamics approaches a constant
Type of Solution Allows exchange of value as the temp.
approaches zero
Open (Non- Matter and Energy
conservative) Chemical Kinetics- study of the rate of chemical
reactions
Closed Energy only Two theories that explains reaction rate:
(Conservative) 1. Collusion Theory
- ↑ ��������� =↑ ����
Isolated (adiabatic) No matter, No - Reaction is a result of molecular
energy collision
- Rate of reaction is directly
proportional to frequency of collision
2. Transition- State Theory
Important terms
- Rate is dependent on the energy
Heat (Q) Energy transfer due to temp.
diff. requirement for the formation of
Work (W) A form of energy transfer transition state/ product
between the system and its - Reactants→TS→ Product
surroundings ↑ E requirement=↓ rate
-
Enthalpy (H) Represent heat; energy of a
reaction - ↑ E requirement=↑ rate
Entropy (s) Degree of randomness or
disorderliness
Free energy (G) Represent the continued Factors affecting reaction rate:
contribution of the enthalpy 1. Nature of ↑ �� =↓ ����
and entropy values for a reactants
chemical reaction
Heat capacity (C) Amount of heat required to 2. Surface area ↓ �������� ���� =↑ �� =↑ ����
raise the temp. of an object or
substance by one degree 3. Concentration of ↑ ����. =↑ ����
reactants

4. Temperature of ↑ ����. =↑ ����� =↑ ��������

Law of Thermodynamics
reactants =↑ ����. �� ��������� =↑ ����
1. First Law of Energy of the universe is
Thermodynamics/ constant
5. Presence of a - A substance that
Law of Conservation
catalyst increases the reaction
of Energy
rate
- Only factor that can
2. Second Law of An isolated system; if not
already in its state of change the value of EA
Thermodynamics
thermodynamic - Directly lowers EA
equilibrium, - Make reaction proceed in
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a multi-step process, each

step has lower EA

Chemical Equilibrium Organic Chemistry

Le Chateliers’ Principle
- If a stress is placed on an equilibrium
system. The system will respond by - Branch of chemistry that deals with carbon-containing
altering the equilibrium in such a way compounds
as to minimize the stress.
- Factors casting equilibrium shift: Organic Compounds- made up of Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen,
a. Pressure
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, X (Halogens (F, Cl, I))
b. Temperature/ heat
c. Concentration
Carbon- principle element of organic chemistry
Nuclear Chemistry
Radioactivity- decomposition process of unstable nuclei Importance:
to more stable ones.
Radiation- energy and particles released during the 1. Most drugs are organic compounds.
decomposition process. 2. Biomolecules are organic compounds molecules
Process of Radiation:
that sustain life (e.g. Carbohydrates).
Name Alpha Beta Positron Gamma
Identity He Electron Electron Radiant Difference between Inorganic and Organic compounds
nucleus Energy
Charge +2 -1 +1 0 Bonds Ionic Covalent
Mass (amu) 4.0026 0.000549 0.000549 0 MP/BP
Velocity 5-10% Up to Up to Speed of
↑ ↓
speed 90% 90% light Sol. (H2O) ✔ X
of light
Penetration Low Medium Medium High
Sol. (Organic solvents) X ✔
Units of Reactivity:
o Non-SI: Curie (Ci) Conductivity ✔ X
o SI: Bequerrel (Bq)

Units of Radiation Damage: R.E.M.

Unit of Amount of Exposure to Radiation: Rad or gray
Properties of Carbon

1. Stability- inherently stable because it can follow the

octet rule
- Atoms tend to gain or lose or share electrons so
as to complete 8 electrons in the outer most
shell
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-
How? It can form 4 covalent bonds due to its 4 A. Structural 1.) Chain isomers
Isomers- - differ in the branching
valence electrons, electron configuration of 2S2
differs in order - Example:
2p2 2s2 2p6 of bonding o C4H10
2. Catenation ● butane (CH3-CH2-CH2-
- Chain forming CH3)
- E.g. Heptane,
● 2- Methylpropane
Isobutane/ propane
Cyclohexane
3. Hybridization- mixing of 2 or more non-equivalent
atomic orbitals to form a new set of equivalent or
degeneral orbitals 2.) Positional isomers
- Differs in position of a multiple bond or the
● Sp3- Single bond: 1 (sigma)
position of a constituent or functional
● Sp2- Double bond: 1 (sigma) group
- Example:
● Sp- Triple bond
o C4H8
● Sigma - head or collision
● Pi  n-butene/
4. Isomerism- refers to the existence of 2 or more o C3H7Br
compounds having the same molecular formula (E.g. o Distributed benzene
C6 H14) but different structure

Isomers

Structural/ Constitutional Steroisomers

(Order of bonding) (Spatial orientation)
O-Chlorophenol, M- Chlo

Chain Positional Functional Conformational Configurational

3.) Functional Isomers

Geometric Optical - Differs in functional group
- Example:
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Alcohol and o C2H6O Cyclic- Example: cyclohexane

Ethers (R-O-R) ● CH3CH2OH (Ethanol/ Ethyl
alcohol)
● CH3-O-CH3 (Dimethyl ether)

Aldehydes and o C3H6O

Ketones- same R-CHO- R-C-O-R-
carbonyl group Aldehyde: Ketones:
:

2. Configurational- do not interconvert due to a

rigid center
a. Geometric isomers
- Requirements:
o Must have a double bond
Carboxylic o C3H6O2 o Must have a ring
acids and Ester R-COOH- R-COOR-
structured cyclic
Carboxylic Ester:
- Cis trans (Example: 2-butene)
acid:

Haloaldehyde Acyl: � − ��2 − �� − � �� ��3 − �� −

and Acylhalides � Cahn-Ingold Prelog Sequence
- Prioritize functional groups based on
Amino and Amino, Acid: �2 � − ��2 − their atomic #
Hydroxyamides- �� − �� - ↑Atomic #=↑Priority
building blocks Hydroxy, Amides: ����2 − �� − ��2 - E-isomers= most important substituents
of protein Simple amine: � − �� − ��2 are on opposite sides of the plane
containing the double bond
B. Stereoisomers- 1. Conformational Priorities
differ in spatial - Differ in spatial orientation due to:
orientation a. The rotation along single bonds E
b. Ring flipping
- Example: Ethane/ CH3CH3 Priorities CH3 H2 H3

CH3 H2 H

H3
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b. Optical isomers
- Ability to rotate plane polarized light to
the left (leo; (-)) or to the right (dextro;
(+))
- Requirements:
o Must contain a chiral center
(Sp3 with 4 different
substituents) or stereocenter
o Example: Tannic acid

H H2 CH3 I and II- M, S= messo compounds

Chiral center I and III, I and IV- non-M, non-S= diastereomers

H3 I and III,I II and IV II III IV
Butanol
Carvone III and IV- M, non-S= enantiomers

Polarimeter- determine direction of rotation of light Organic Compounds

Optically active compound- rotate light either to left or A. Hydrocarbons a) Aliphatic
right (HC) 1. Saturated
2. Unsaturated
b) Aromatic

B. HC Derivatives a) X-containing
1. Alkyl halides (R-X)
2. Aryl halides (Ar-X)
b) O-containing
1. Alcohol/ phenol (R-OH; Ar-OH)
Axial-3↑; Equatorial-3↑ 2. Ethers (R-O-R)
3. Aldehydes (R-COH)
4. Ketones (R-COR)
5. Carboxylic acid (R-COOH)
Acid derivatives
Related terms Mirror image Super imposable i. Ester (RCOOR)
Diastereomers X X ii. Acid Anhydrides
Enantiomers X (RCOOCOOR)
✔
iii. Amides (RCOONH2)
iv. Acid/ Acylhalides
Meso (Single) ✔ ✔ (RCOO-X)
Compounds
c) N-containing
1. Amines (RNH2)
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2. Nitro/ nitroso only H and C - Single bond

d) S-containing - Alkanes/ paraffins
1. Thiols (R-OH) - CnH2n+2
2. Thioesters (R-COO-S)
3. Thioethers (R-S-R) Nomenclature= -rootword + -ane
e) P-containing
#C Root word Name Formula
1. Organophosphates
- Ache inhibitors
1 Meth Methane CH4
- Example: Malathion,
Parathion 2 Eth Ethane C2H6

Identification of Organic Compounds 3 Prop Propane C3H8

1. Chemical test a) Na fusion/ Lassaigne’s test
- � ∙ � + ��0 → ∆ ����, ����, ��2� 4 But Butane C4H10
- Qualitative method to detect N, X, S
b) Beilstein test 5 Pent Pentane C5H12
- Detect halide containing O.C.
- �� ���� + � − � → 1. Select the parent chain- longest possible chain
∆��� (������� ℎ����� − ����� �����) of carbon atoms
c) Ferrox test 2. Identify the substituents- locate and designate
- Detect O-containing O.C. #S
- Reagent: FeNH4(SO4)2 + KSCN - Substituents:
- ��3+ + ���− ↔ ��(���)+2 − ����� ��� o Alkyl (ex. CH3-)
d) Will Varentop o X (Fluoro, Chloro, Bromo)
- Detect N-containing O.C. o OH: Hydroxyl-
- ���� ���� ���� + ��� + �. �. → o CN: Cyano-
∆��3 ↑→> ������ = ��� �� ���� o NH2: Amino
o NO2: Nitro
2. Physical - MP/ BP 3. Name alphabetically
Constants - Specific gravity 4. Name parent compound
- Refractive index
Exam
3. Spectroscopy - Utilize the interaction of light and matter ples:
a) UV-VIS- detect conjugation
b) IR- detect functional group
c) NMR- C-H connectivities, CH
framework determination
d) Mass- bombard the O.C. with
electrons, detection of MW of
compounds

A. Hydrocarbon 1. Aliphatic (Straight)

s- contain a) Saturated
H

1-Bromo-2-Hydroxyl
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Example:

2 butene 3
Organic Reagents:
1. Electrophilic- E+
- Electron loving: H+
- (+) charged thus electron poor
2. Nucleophilic- Nu-
- Nucleus loving reagents
- (-) charged thus electron rich

Reactions of alkenes:
1. Electrophilic addition
3,3-diethyl-4,5-methyl isopropyl ● Hydrogenation
� = � + �2 � + �� + �� ⇒ ��−��
● Halogenation
20= eicosane � = � + �2 ����3 ⇒ ��−��
(����� ��ℎ������)
Reactions:
1. Combustion- reaction with atmospheric ● Hydrohalogenation- addition of Hx
oxygen � = � + �� → ��−��
(����� ℎ������)
�� �2�+2 + �2 → ����������2 + �2� + ℎ���
Markovnikov’s rule- in addition of Hx to alkenes, H+ adds
→ ������������2 + �2 � + �� + � to C with greatest # of H-substituents, hydration and
2. Halogenation- requires heat or light hydrogenation follows.
∗ ���������� ���2 : �2 > ��2 > ��2 ( > �2 ) Example:
unreactive �3� − �� = �� − � + ��� → ��3 − �� � � − � � � − �
��+ ��+ ��+ ● Hydration- addition of H2O
��4 �2 ⇒ � ⇒ � ⇒ �
��3� 2 ��2�2 2 ���3 2
��+ ��3 − �� = �� − � + � − �� �+
⇒ → ��3 − �� � � − � � � − �
��4
2. Oxidation
b) Unsaturated
i. Alkanes ● Hydroxylation/ glycol formation
- Double bond
��3 − �� = ��2 ����4 → ��3 �� �� �� ��2
- Olefins
1,2-propanediol/ propylene glycol
- CnH2n 1,2-dihydroxypropane
3. Reduction
Nomenclature= -rootword + -ene
# position of double bond + alkan+ -ene ● Catalytic hydrogenation
� = � + �2 ��, ��, �� → � � − � �
ii. Alkynes
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- Triple bonds
- CnH2n-2
1 1
Nomenclature= -rootword + -yne
4 = 4� + 2
# of position of 3 bond + rootword + -yne
4� = 4 − 2
Example:
4� = 2
�� ≡ �� Ethyne/ Acetylene 2
�� ≡ � − ��2��3 1-Butyne/ Ethyl �=
9
acetylene � = 0.5
��3� ≡ � − ��(��3)2 Methyl
isopropylacetylene Aromatic compound should be whole number
4 methyl-2-pentyne
Reactions: SAME with ALKENES 1
1
2. Aromatic Compounds
1
- Requirements:
o Cyclic 1
1
o Sp2
o Double bond carbon (1,1) 1
o Conjugated
*Dienes: 6ne-=4n+2
1) Isolated 4n=6-2
2) Conjugated 4n=4
3) Cumulated n=1

o Follows Huckles rule of aromaticity

(# of e-=4n +2, n=whole number)

For distributed benzenes:

- Use of the names: ortho, meta, para

Reactions:

1 1
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1. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution

B. HC a) Alkyl halides (R-X)
Derivatives - Nomenclature: Halo + alkane or alkyl
+ E+ + H+ + halide
- Example: CH3Cl chloromethane/
Z
methyl chloride
e- rich - Reactions:
1. Nucleophilic substitution
- Example of Nu- : -CN, -OH
2. Nitration - ��3��2�� + ���� →
��3��2�� + ����
2. Identification test
● Ethanolic AgNO3 test

R-X ����3 → � + ��, �2 �

3. Halogenation AgX ↓ + R-OH
VR: AgCl- white curdy ppt.
AgBr- yellowish white ppt.
AgI- yellow curdy ppt.
NH3 solubility AgCl- soluble
AgBr- slightly soluble
4. Friedel-craft’s alkylation AgI- insoluble
NaI in acetone R-Cl��� → ������� NaCl ↓
VR: white ppt.
R-Br��� → ������� NaCl ↓

b) Alcohols (R-OH)
- Nomenclature: # position + Alkan +
5. Friedel-craft’s ol (alkyl +alcohol)
acylation - Example: CH3CH2CH2OH (propanol/
propyl alcohol), CH3OH (methanol/
wood alcohol), CH3CH2OH (ethanol/
grain alcohol)
- Classification:
Based on # of R-groups attached to
Aromatic ketone C-bearing the -OH

6. Sulfonation

Based on the # of -OH group

Benzene sulfonic acid
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o Monohydric - Reactions:
o Dihydric (Ex. Glycol) 1. FeCl3 test
o Trihydric - VR: Violet/
o Polyhydric purple
- Reactions: complex
1. Lucas test 2. Bromine H2O
- reaction with HCl - VR: flesh-
- reagents: anhydrous ZnCl2, colored/
Conc. HCl white ppt.
- used to differentiate alcohols d) Ethers (R-O-R; Ar-O-R; Ar-O-Ar)
by forming an insoluble layer - Types:
- reactivity: 3°>2°>1°>CH3OH 1. Open chain
2. Reactions with active metals a. Symmetrical
(Na°) - Same R-group
- � − �� + ��° → � − � − - Nomenclature: -rootword + -
��+(��������) + �2 ↑ oxy + alkene
- VR: bubble formation - Common names= alkyl + alkyl
- Reactivity: CH3OH>1°>2°>3° + ether
3. Dehydration - Example: Ethoxyethane/
� − � �� �2 ��4 → � − � + �2 � Diethyl ether (CH3CH2-O-
4. Ester formation (Carboxylic acid CH2CH3)
+ Alcohol (R-COO-R)) b. Non-symmetrical
� − � || � − � + � − �� �+ → � − � || � − - Differ in R-groups
�� + �2 �
- Nomenclature: name list
shorter chain
c) Phenols (Ar-OH) - Example: Ethyl propyl ether/
Ethoxy propane (CH3CH2-O-
CH2CH3)
2. Cyclic
a. Epoxides/ cyclopropanes/
-Violet in reactions to salicylic oxyranes
- Cyclic ether in which the
ether-o- is part of the 3

o-hydroxyphenol, m-hydroxyphenol, p- membered ring system.

hydroxyphenol - Ethylene oxide- gas sterilant
(materials not exposed to
high pressure)
b. With > 3 members
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[O] Alcohol
dehydrogenase

- Example:
[O] Aldehyde
dehydrogenase

Ethanol/ Acetaldehyde
Pyranose Furanose

e) Aldehyde and Ketones (:C=O) [O]

Alcohol
dehydrogenase
- Simple aldehyde- methanol; Simple
ketone- propanal

#C Prefixes (Common names) +

Aldehyde
1 Form Aldehyde [O] dehydrogenase
2 Acet
3 Propion
4 Butyr
5 Valer
6 Capro Benzaldehyde ● Priorities the carbonil
7 Enant ● Shorter base
8 Capryl
9 Pelargon
10 Capr

Aldehydes: carbonyl group as terminal functional

group
- R-COOH/ Ar-COOH: end with -al 3-Methylbutanal
- Example:

Methanal/ SE: blindness, metabolic

Formaldehyde acidosis (↓Ph)
Oxidation: methanoic
Ketones- non-terminal carbonyl group
acid
- R-C-O-R, Ar-C-O-Ar, Ar-C-O-R
- Ends with -one
- Example:
o Propane
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- Aliphatic and
aromatic
- Aldehydes but not
ketones
o 2 butanone
Ketones
1. Iodoform test for methyl
ketones
� − � || � − ��3�2 → ���� � − � || � − � + ���3 ↓
(��������, ������ ���. )
b. Nucleophilic addition
o Acetophenone
1. With Grignard reagent (R-Mg-X)
- Products=alcohols
� − � || � − � � − �� − � → 1°� − ��
Higher aldehydes→ 2° R-OH
- Examples:

- Reactions: Formaldehyde Hardening of tissue;

a. Chemical tests (Formalin) embalming fluid
Aldehydes Acetaldehyde Solvent; metabolite of
ethanol
1. Schiff’s test
Benzaldehyde “Oil of bitter almond”;
- VR: wine purple
flavouring agent
2. Benedict’s and Fehling’s
Vanillin Flavorant
- Benedict’s: Color
Acetone Solvent
- Fehling’s: Oxidizing
Chloroacetophenone Lacrimation; teargas
effect
Muscone Odorous principle of
musk
Benedict’s Fehling’s
Pheromone Secreted by plants and
OA CuSO4 CuSO4
animals; example:
Alkanizing Anh. Na2CO3 NaOH house flies (muscalure),
agent
bees (grandisol)
Sequestering Sodium citrate Rochelle’s salt/
agent- NaK tartrate
f) Carboxylic acids
increase
- Ar/R-COOH (Carbonyl group)
stability
- Nomenclature: -rootword + -oic
acid
R-CHO + Cu2+ →R-COO + Cu2O (brick red)
- Example:
Only aliphatic aldehydes and ketones give positive
o Ethanoic acid/ acetic
results
acid
3. Tollen’s test
- only for aldehydes
- Ammoniacal
AgNO3
- � − ��� + ��+ → � − � || � − � + ��0 ↓
- VR: Silver mirror
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o Formic acid/ methanoic

acid
#9 Common names #C
0 Oxalic 2
1 Malonic 3
2 Succinic 4
o Butyric acid 3 Glutaric 5
4 Adipic 6
5 Pimelic 7
6 Suberic 8
7 Azeleic 9
8 Sebasic 10
#C Common Mnemonics “Oh My Such Good Apple Pie, Sweet As Sugar”
names
1 Formic Reactions:
2 Acetic 1. Neutralization
3 Propionic + NaOH + H2 O
4 Butyric
6 Caprolic
8 Caprylic 2. Reduction
10 Capric Ca R-CHO R-OH
12 Lauric La
Carboxylic acid Aldehyde Alcohol
14 Myristic My
16 Palmitic Pa
18 Stearic St 3. Conversion a. To aid chlorides
20 Arachidic A to functional
derivatives + SOCl2
Unsaturated
● 16C- palmitoleic= 1 unsat. C9 Thionyl Acid Chloride
● 18C- oleic = 1 unsat. C9, linoleic = 2 unsat C9,
b. To anhydride
C12, linolenic = 3unsat. C9, C12, C15
(Presence of Base)
Dicarboxylic acid
+

Example:

Ethanoic propanoic anhydride

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c. To esters b. saponification
(esterification) - base catalysed ester
hydrolysis
Example:
��3���� + ��3��2 �� �+
→ ��3�����2��2
(+) Result: plastic balloon Fatty acids
odor; fruity odor
Glycerol
4. Precipitation a.
reaction

+ FeCl3basic ferric benzoate

VR: flesh colored ppt.

b. AgNO3

2. Acid anhydride

VR: grayish white

ppt.
g) Carboxylic acid derivatives
- R-COO-L (L=leaving group) - Nomenclature: -rootword + -oic
1. Esters anhydride
- Carboxylic acid + alcohol - Ethanoic propanoic anhydride
- Name: alkyl + carboxylate
- Example: Methyl ethanoate/ ��3 ��2� || � − � − � || � − ��3
acetate - Reactions:
a. Hydrolysis

+ H2 O +

- Reactions:
a. hydrolysis
3. Acid chloride
+ H2O
+ R-OH

mple: ASA - Nomenclature: from -oic to -oyl

chloride
- Example:
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- Basicity= 2° > 3° > 1°

��3 ��2��2 ��3 − � � − ��3��2

� − ���ℎ�� − � − ��ℎ�� ����� �������
↑ � =↑ �����
2. Aromatic amines
- Reaction:
-less available lone pair (loss electron
a. Hydrolysis
capacity) due to the electron
delocalization toward ring
+ HCl
+ H2 O

4. Amides
- Basicity= Aliphatic > Aromatic >
Amides
- Example:
- Nomenclature: from -oic to -amide
- Example: Ethanamide

- Reaction:
a. Hydrolysis

2- amino-1-phenylpropane 2-methylamino-1-phenylpropane
+ H2 O + NH3 - For ADHD and,

Narcolepsy (sleeping disorder)

- Reactivity: Acyl halide > acid

anhydride > esters > amides
h) Amines
1. Aliphatic amines

Quaternary
amine

- Examples:

Aminomethane (H3CNH2)- 1
N-methyl aminomethane ((CH3)2 NH)- 2
N, N-dimethylaminomethane ((CH3)3N)- 3
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Formaldehyde (Methanal, HCHO)

- MOA: direct and non-specific alkylation

- Formalin contains n.l.t. 37% of formaldehyde
- Uses: embalming fluid, disinfectant

Glutaraldehyde (Glutarol (Cidex))

- Water/ liquid
- Sterilizing solution for equipment and pharmaceuticals
that cannot be autoclaved
Types of Alcohol - Used in medical
Absolute alcohol 95% alcohol
Dehydrated alcohol 99% alcohol
B. Phenol and its derivatives
Diluted alcohol 49-50% alcohol
Denatured alcohol EtOH rendered unit for use in beverages
by the addition of subs.
Phenol, USP (Carbolic acid C8H5OH)
Completely denatured alcohol Contains added wood alcohol and
benzene unsuitable for internal or - Joseph Lister
external use - Caustic to skin
Specially denatured alcohol - Treated with subs. So that its use is - Measure potency of a
permitted for specialized purpose.
disinfectant
- Example: Iodine in alcohol
- ↑ phenol coefficient = ↑ dinsinfect
- MOA: precipitation/ denaturation of proteins
- Germicidal standard
Isopropyl alcohol (2-propapanol)
- �ℎ���� ����������� =
�������� �� � ������������
- Substitute for ethal �������� �� �ℎ���� �ℎ�� �� �������� �� ���� � ������ �� ���������� ���ℎ�
- Prepared by sulphuric acid catalysed - Bacteria standard: Salmonella typhi
hydration of propylene A=2
B=7
Ethylene oxide C = 1.5
B>A>C
- MOA: alkylation of bacterial protein
- Used to sterilize (gas sterilant) SAR
temperature sensitive pharmaceuticals - Substitution of alkyl, aryl or halogen at para position
and equipment that can’t be increases bacterial activity
autoclaved - Activity: straight chain alkyl > branched
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Liquified Phenol - Keratolytic agent

- Phenol with 10% water

Cresol

- From coal tar or petroleum by alkaline extraction

O-dihydroxybenzene, m-dihydroxybenzene, p-hydroxybenzene

C. Oxidizing Agents

Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

- Effective against anaerobic bacteria

Methyl phenol
Carbon Fushin Components:

Thymol (Isopropyl m-cresol) - Basic Fushin

- Phenol
- From oil of Thymus vulgaris (Thyme)
- Antifungal Thio/ Thi Sulfur
Az/ Azo Nitrogen
Ox/ Oxy Oxygen

Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol)
Parabens Benzyl
- From clone oil alcohol
- Use: dental analgesic (toothache drops), Benzoic acid
used in mouthwashes because of
antiseptic and pleasant taste

Resorcinol (m-dihydroxybenzene, Resorcin)

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- NAM (N- acetylmuramic acid)

Benzoate

Penicillin

Antifungals

Fungi

- Infections caused by fungi are called mycoses.

- Mycosis are usually chronic infections
Cephalosporins

Superficial Surface of epidermis

Cutaneous

Subcutaneous

Systemic

Opportunistic
Carbapenem

Nucleoside antifungal- Flucytosine

Triazole s- systemic

Antibacterial

- Gram (+) thick

- Gram (-) thin
- NAG (N-acetylglucosamine)
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hydrolization

MOA Inhibits cell wall synthesis by irreversibly inhibiting

transpeptidase by covalently binding to the serine
Classification 1. Natural Penicillins/ Narrow spectrum Penicillins
of Penicillins 2. Penicillinase-resistant Penicillins/ Antistaphyloccocal

Drugs
Pen G Pen V
- a.k.a. - a.k.a.
Benzylpenicillin phenoxymethylpenicillin
Monobactam - given IV - given PO
- deport forms:
procaine
penicillin and
benzathine
penicillin
- DOC: Syphilis

Natural Pen
1. Pen G
2. Pen V

Antistaph
1. Cloxacillin
2. Oxacillin
Penicillin 3. Picloxacillin
4. Nafcillin
History - Discovered by Alexander Fleming
5. Methicillin
- Old: Penicillium notatum
- New: Penicillium chrysogenum Amino
- Isolated by Florey and Chain 1. Amoxicillin
2. Ampicillin
Properties - Contains an unstable bicyclic system
- B-lactam (4) and Thiazolidine ring (5) Antiseptic
- Nucleus: 6-Aminopenicillamic acid (6-APA) 1. Cc
- Precursors: Cysteine and Valine 2. T
- Shape: half-open book 3. M
4. I
Structure - Addition of electron withdrawing group-acid stability 5. P
Activity - Addition of bulky groups-penicillinase resistance
Relationship - Addition of (hydrophilic) amino group-increases spectrum
(SAR) of activity Potentiation (0 +1=2)
- Pen G for oral, Pen V for oral, Acid acts as catalyst in Penicilloyl proteins- anti allergy for penicillin
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