Physical‌‌and‌‌Chemical‌‌Changes‌ 

‌
  ‌Every‌‌ day‌‌ we‌‌ come‌‌ across‌‌ many‌‌ changes‌‌ that‌‌ are‌‌ taking‌‌ place‌‌ all‌‌ around‌‌ us.‌‌ These‌‌ changes‌‌ may‌‌ involve‌‌ one‌‌ or‌‌ more‌‌ 
substances.‌‌   Sometimes,‌‌   milk‌‌   becomes‌‌   sour.‌‌  Souring‌‌   milk‌‌
  is‌‌ a ‌‌change.‌‌ Making‌‌ a ‌‌sugar‌‌ solution‌‌ is‌‌ a ‌‌change.‌‌ Similarly,‌‌ the‌‌ 
setting‌‌of‌‌curd‌‌from‌‌milk‌‌is‌‌a‌‌change.‌  ‌
  ‌Some‌‌   changes‌‌   that‌‌
  we‌‌  have‌‌   noticed‌‌   around‌‌   us‌‌  are‌‌
  melting‌‌   of‌‌
  ice,‌‌   making‌‌
  of‌‌
  ice‌‌
  cream,‌‌   melting‌‌ of‌‌ wax,‌‌ stretching‌‌ a ‌‌
rubber‌  ‌band,‌  ‌evaporation‌  ‌of‌  ‌water,‌‌   cutting‌‌   of‌‌
  paper,‌‌   breaking‌‌   of‌‌  glass‌‌   pane,‌‌
  bending‌‌   of‌‌
  glass‌‌   tube‌‌
  by‌‌
  heating,‌‌   boiling‌‌  of‌‌ 
water‌‌etc.‌  ‌
The‌‌changes‌‌are‌‌of‌‌two‌‌kinds:‌  ‌
● Physical‌‌changes‌  ‌
● Chemical‌‌changes‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
Physical‌‌Changes‌‌:‌‌- ‌ ‌
  ‌In‌‌
  a ‌‌physical‌‌
  change,‌‌   a ‌‌substance‌‌   undergoes‌‌   changes‌‌   only‌‌   in‌‌ its‌‌ physical‌‌ properties‌‌ such‌‌ as‌‌ shape,‌‌ size,‌‌ colour‌‌ and‌‌ 
state,‌  ‌and‌  ‌no‌  ‌new‌  ‌substance‌  ‌is‌  ‌formed.‌  ‌First,‌  ‌we‌  ‌shall‌  ‌perform‌  ‌some‌  ‌activities‌  ‌to‌  ‌show‌‌   the‌‌  physical‌‌  changes‌‌   that‌‌
  are‌‌ 
taking‌‌place‌‌all‌‌around‌‌us‌‌are:‌  ‌
● Cutting‌‌a‌‌piece‌‌of‌‌paper.‌  ‌
● The‌‌chalk‌‌dust‌‌lying‌‌on‌‌the‌‌floor‌‌near‌‌the‌‌blackboard‌‌in‌‌your‌‌classroom.‌  ‌
● Melting‌‌of‌‌ice.‌  ‌
● Boiling‌‌of‌‌water.‌  ‌
● ‌Heating‌‌a‌‌hack-saw‌‌blade‌‌on‌‌the‌‌flame‌‌of‌‌a‌‌gas‌‌stove.‌  ‌

Characteristics‌‌of‌‌Physical‌‌Changes‌‌:‌‌- ‌ ‌
  ‌The‌‌
  physical‌‌
  changes‌‌   are‌‌
  temporary‌‌
  changes‌‌
  which‌‌
  can‌‌
  be‌‌ easily‌‌ reversed‌‌ to‌‌ form‌‌ the‌‌ original‌‌ substance.‌‌ In‌‌ such‌‌ a ‌‌
change,‌‌no‌‌new‌‌substance‌‌is‌‌formed.‌  ‌
‌Thus,‌‌we‌‌noticed‌‌that‌‌the‌‌important‌‌characteristics‌‌of‌‌physical‌‌changes‌‌are‌‌as‌‌follows:‌  ‌

● No‌‌new‌‌substance‌‌is‌‌formed‌‌in‌‌this‌‌change.‌  ‌
● It‌‌is‌‌a‌‌temporary‌‌change‌‌and‌‌is‌‌generally‌‌reversible.‌  ‌
● A‌‌temporary‌‌change‌‌in‌‌colour‌‌may‌‌take‌‌place.‌  ‌
● Very‌‌little‌‌energy‌‌(heat,‌‌etc)‌‌is‌‌either‌‌absorbed‌‌or‌‌evolved.‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
Chemical‌‌Changes‌‌:‌‌- ‌ ‌
  ‌Chemical‌  ‌changes‌  ‌are‌  ‌also‌  ‌called‌  ‌chemical‌  ‌reactions.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌chemical‌  ‌change‌  ‌occurs‌  ‌when‌  ‌two‌  ‌substances‌  ‌react‌‌ 
chemically‌‌   to‌‌
  form‌‌   a ‌‌new‌‌
  substance‌‌   with‌‌
  different‌‌   chemical‌‌   properties.‌‌   All‌‌
  the‌‌  new‌‌  substances‌‌   which‌‌  we‌‌  use‌‌ in‌‌ various‌‌ 
fields‌‌of‌‌our‌‌life‌‌are‌‌produced‌‌as‌‌a‌‌result‌‌of‌‌chemical‌‌changes‌‌(or‌‌chemical‌‌reactions).‌  ‌
  ‌A ‌‌change‌‌   with‌‌
  which‌‌   we‌‌
  are‌‌  quite‌‌
  familiar‌‌   is‌‌
  the‌‌
  rusting‌‌  of‌‌
  iron.‌‌
  Almost‌‌   every‌‌  iron‌‌  (or‌‌
  steel)‌‌
  object‌‌ kept‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ open‌‌ 
gets‌  ‌rusted‌  ‌slowly.‌  ‌It‌  ‌acquires‌  ‌a ‌ ‌coating‌  ‌of‌‌   a ‌‌brownish‌‌   substance‌‌   called‌‌  rust‌‌  and‌‌
  the‌‌  process‌‌   is‌‌
  called‌‌  rusting.‌‌   We‌‌
  can‌‌ 
usually‌‌   see‌‌ iron‌‌ gates‌‌ of‌‌ parks‌‌ or‌‌ farmlands,‌‌ iron‌‌ benches‌‌ kept‌‌ in‌‌ lawns‌‌ and‌‌ gardens,‌‌ and‌‌ almost‌‌ every‌‌ article‌‌ of‌‌ iron,‌‌ kept‌‌ 
in‌  ‌the‌  ‌open‌  ‌gets‌  ‌rusted.‌  ‌The‌  ‌agricultural‌  ‌tools‌  ‌such‌  ‌as‌  ‌spades‌  ‌and‌  ‌shovels,‌  ‌also‌  ‌get‌  ‌rusted‌  ‌when‌  ‌exposed‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
atmosphere‌‌ for‌‌ some‌‌ time.‌‌ In‌‌ the‌‌ kitchen,‌‌ a ‌‌wet‌‌ iron‌‌ pan‌‌ (tawa)‌‌ often‌‌ gets‌‌ rusted‌‌ if‌‌ left‌‌ in‌‌ that‌‌ state‌‌ for‌‌ some‌‌ time.‌‌ Rust‌‌ is‌‌ 
not‌‌iron.‌‌It‌‌is‌‌different‌‌from‌‌iron‌‌on‌‌which‌‌it‌‌gets‌‌deposited.‌  ‌
‌Now,‌‌we‌‌shall‌‌perform‌‌some‌‌activities‌‌to‌‌show‌‌the‌‌chemical‌‌changes‌‌where‌‌new‌‌substances‌‌are‌‌formed.‌  ‌

● When‌‌  a ‌‌small‌‌
  strip‌‌
  or‌‌ ribbon‌‌ of‌‌ magnesium‌‌ is‌‌ burnt‌‌ it‌‌ leaves‌‌ a ‌‌brilliant‌‌ white‌‌ light‌‌ and‌‌ a ‌‌powdery‌‌ ash.‌‌ The‌‌ change‌‌ 
can‌‌be‌‌represented‌‌by‌‌- ‌  ‌ ‌
Magnesium‌‌(Mg)‌‌+‌‌Oxygen‌‌(O‌2)‌ ‌‌→‌‌Magnesium‌‌oxide‌‌(MgO)‌  ‌
 On‌‌dissolving‌‌the‌‌ash‌‌in‌‌water‌‌it‌‌forms‌‌a‌‌new‌‌substance.‌‌This‌‌change‌‌can‌‌be‌‌represented‌‌by‌‌- ‌ ‌
Magnesium‌‌oxide‌‌(MgO)‌‌+‌‌Water‌‌(H‌2O ‌ )‌‌→‌‌Magnesium‌‌hydroxide‌‌[Mg(OH)‌2]‌  ‌ ‌
 ‌
● Take‌‌a‌‌teaspoonful‌‌of‌‌copper‌‌sulphate(blue‌‌vitriol‌‌or‌‌neela‌‌thotha)‌‌and‌‌mix‌‌it‌‌with‌‌half‌‌a‌‌cup‌‌of‌‌water‌‌in‌  ‌
a‌‌
  glass‌‌   tumbler‌‌   or‌‌
  a ‌‌beaker.‌‌ Add‌‌ a ‌‌few‌‌ drops‌‌ of‌‌ dilute‌‌ sulphuric‌‌ acid‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ solution.Drop‌‌ a ‌‌nail‌‌ or‌‌ a ‌‌shaving‌‌ blade‌‌ 
(iron)‌  ‌into‌  ‌the‌  ‌solution.‌  ‌Now‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌  ‌iron‌  ‌comes‌  ‌in‌  ‌contact‌  ‌with‌  ‌copper‌  ‌sulphate‌  ‌the‌‌   reaction‌‌  starts‌‌   and‌‌
  the‌‌ 
colour‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  solution‌‌   changes‌‌   from‌‌   blue‌‌   to‌‌
  green‌‌   due‌‌
  to‌‌   the‌‌  formation‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌new‌‌
  substance‌‌ iron‌‌ sulphate,‌‌ a ‌‌new‌‌ 
substance.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌brown‌  ‌deposit‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌‌   iron‌‌  nail‌‌
  or‌‌
  a ‌‌shaving‌‌   blade‌‌  is‌‌
  copper,‌‌  another‌‌   new‌‌
  substance.‌‌   The‌‌  reaction‌‌ 
can‌‌be‌‌represented‌‌by‌‌- ‌ ‌
‌Copper‌‌sulphate‌‌solution‌‌(blue)‌‌+‌‌Iron‌‌→‌‌Iron‌‌sulphate‌‌solution‌‌(green)‌‌+‌‌Copper‌‌(brown‌‌deposit)‌  ‌
 ‌
● Take‌‌a‌‌teaspoonful‌‌of‌‌vinegar‌‌in‌‌a‌‌test‌‌tube‌‌and‌‌a‌‌pinch‌‌of‌‌baking‌‌soda‌‌to‌‌it.‌‌A‌‌gas‌‌will‌‌form.‌‌   ‌
Vinegar‌‌(Acetic‌‌acid)‌‌+‌‌Baking‌‌soda‌‌(Sodium‌‌hydrogencarbonate)‌‌→‌‌Carbon‌‌dioxide‌‌+‌‌other‌‌substances‌  ‌
Pass‌‌   this‌‌  gas(Carbon‌‌   dioxide)‌‌
  through‌‌   freshly‌‌   prepared‌‌   lime‌‌   water.‌‌   When‌‌
  carbon‌‌   dioxide‌‌  is‌‌
  passed‌‌ through‌‌ lime‌‌ 
water,‌  ‌calcium‌  ‌carbonate‌  ‌is‌  ‌formed,‌  ‌which‌  ‌makes‌  ‌lime‌  ‌water‌  ‌milky.‌  ‌The‌  ‌turning‌  ‌of‌  ‌lime‌  ‌water‌  ‌into‌  ‌milky‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌‌
standard‌‌test‌‌of‌‌carbon‌‌dioxide.‌‌The‌‌reaction‌‌can‌‌be‌‌represented‌‌by‌‌- ‌ ‌
Carbon‌‌dioxide‌‌(CO‌2)‌ ‌‌+‌‌Lime‌‌water‌‌[Ca(OH)‌2]‌ ‌‌→‌‌Calcium‌‌Carbonate‌‌(CaCO‌3)‌ ‌‌+‌‌Water‌‌(H‌2O ‌ )‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
Thus,‌‌we‌‌noticed‌‌that‌‌the‌‌important‌‌characteristics‌‌of‌‌chemical‌‌changes‌‌are‌‌as‌‌follows:‌  ‌

● Heat,‌‌light‌‌or‌‌any‌‌other‌‌radiation‌‌(e.g.‌‌ultraviolet)‌‌may‌‌be‌‌given‌‌off‌‌or‌‌absorbed.‌  ‌
● The‌‌sound‌‌may‌‌be‌‌produced.‌  ‌
● A‌‌change‌‌in‌‌smell‌‌may‌‌take‌‌place‌‌or‌‌a‌‌new‌‌smell‌‌may‌‌be‌‌given‌‌off.‌  ‌
● A‌‌colour‌‌change‌‌may‌‌take‌‌place.‌  ‌
● A‌‌gas‌‌may‌‌be‌‌formed.‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
Chemical‌‌Changes‌‌in‌‌Our‌‌Daily‌‌Life‌‌:-‌  ‌
  ‌Chemical‌  ‌changes‌  ‌are‌  ‌very‌  ‌important‌  ‌in‌  ‌our‌‌   lives.‌‌   Indeed,‌‌   every‌‌   new‌‌   material‌‌  is‌‌
  discovered‌‌   by‌‌
  studying‌‌   chemical‌‌ 
changes,‌‌   e.g.‌‌  If‌‌
  metal‌‌   is‌‌
  to‌‌
  be‌‌  extracted‌‌   from‌‌   an‌‌  ore‌‌  such‌‌   as‌‌  iron‌‌ from‌‌ iron‌‌ ore,‌‌ we‌‌ need‌‌ to‌‌ carry‌‌ out‌‌ a ‌‌series‌‌ of‌‌ chemical‌‌ 
changes.‌  ‌Medicine‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌end‌  ‌product‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌chain‌  ‌of‌  ‌chemical‌  ‌reactions.‌  ‌Important‌  ‌and‌  ‌useful‌  ‌new‌  ‌materials‌  ‌such‌  ‌as‌‌ 
plastics‌‌and‌‌detergents‌‌are‌‌produced‌‌by‌‌chemical‌‌reactions.‌  ‌
  ‌Let‌  ‌us‌  ‌consider‌‌   some‌‌   more‌‌   examples‌‌   of‌‌
  chemical‌‌   changes.‌‌   We‌‌   saw‌‌   from‌‌  the‌‌
  activity‌‌
  that‌‌
  burning‌‌   of‌‌
  magnesium‌‌ 
ribbon‌‌   is‌‌
  a ‌‌chemical‌‌   change.‌‌   Burning‌‌   of‌‌
  coal,‌‌ wood‌‌ or‌‌ leaves‌‌ is‌‌ also‌‌ a ‌‌chemical‌‌ change.‌‌ In‌‌ fact,‌‌ burning‌‌ of‌‌ any‌‌ substance‌‌ 
is‌‌a‌‌chemical‌‌change.‌‌Burning‌‌is‌‌always‌‌accompanied‌‌in‌‌the‌‌production‌‌of‌‌heat‌‌and‌‌light.‌  ‌
● An‌  ‌explosion‌‌   of‌‌  a ‌‌firework‌‌   (or‌‌   crackers)‌‌   is‌‌
  also‌‌   a ‌‌chemical‌‌   change‌‌   which‌‌   produces‌‌   heat,‌‌  light,‌‌
  sound‌‌  and‌‌ 
unpleasant‌‌gases‌‌that‌‌pollute‌‌the‌‌atmosphere.‌  ‌
● When‌‌   food‌‌ gets‌‌ spoiled,‌‌ it‌‌ produces‌‌ a ‌‌foul‌‌ smell.‌‌ This‌‌ shows‌‌ that‌‌ new‌‌ substances‌‌ have‌‌ been‌‌ formed‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ 
spoiled‌‌food‌‌which‌‌has‌‌a‌‌foul‌‌smell.‌‌So,‌‌the‌‌spoilage‌‌of‌‌food‌‌is‌‌a‌‌chemical‌‌change.‌  ‌
● If‌‌   we‌‌
  cut‌‌   an‌‌  apple‌‌   into‌‌  slices‌‌   and‌‌   kept‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌   open‌‌   for‌‌
  some‌‌ time,‌‌ we‌‌ will‌‌ find‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ cut‌‌ surface‌‌ of‌‌ apple‌‌ 
acquires‌‌   a ‌‌brown‌‌   colour.‌‌   This‌‌   change‌‌   in‌‌
  colour‌‌   is‌‌
  due‌‌   to‌‌ the‌‌ formation‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ new‌‌ substance‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ action‌‌ 
of‌‌oxygen‌‌(or‌‌air).‌‌So,‌‌this‌‌change‌‌in‌‌colour‌‌is‌‌a‌‌chemical‌‌change.‌  ‌
● Similarly,‌‌ the‌‌ cut‌‌ surface‌‌ of‌‌ potato‌‌ or‌‌ brinjal‌‌ turns‌‌ black‌‌ on‌‌ keeping‌‌ in‌‌ air‌‌ for‌‌ some‌‌ time‌‌ due‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ chemical‌‌ 
change.‌  ‌
● When‌‌   an‌‌   acid‌‌   reacts‌‌   with‌‌  a ‌‌base,‌‌   then‌‌   a ‌‌neutralisation‌‌   reaction‌‌   takes‌‌  place‌‌ in‌‌ which‌‌ two‌‌ new‌‌ substances,‌‌ 
salt‌‌and‌‌water,‌‌are‌‌formed.‌‌So,‌‌neutralisation‌‌is‌‌a‌‌chemical‌‌change.‌  ‌
● During‌  ‌photosynthesis,‌  ‌the‌  ‌plants‌  ‌intake‌  ‌carbon‌  ‌dioxide‌  ‌and‌  ‌water‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌presence‌  ‌of‌  ‌chlorophyll‌  ‌and‌‌ 
sunlight‌  ‌to‌  ‌form‌  ‌two‌  ‌new‌  ‌substances,‌  ‌glucose‌  ‌(food)‌  ‌and‌  ‌oxygen.‌  ‌So,‌  ‌photosynthesis‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌chemical‌‌ 
change.‌  ‌
 ● In‌‌
  the‌‌
  process‌‌
  of‌‌
  digestion,‌‌
  the‌‌
  various‌‌
  food‌‌
  materials‌‌   break‌‌
  down‌‌
  to‌‌
  form‌‌
  new‌‌
  substances‌‌ which‌‌ can‌‌ be‌‌ 
absorbed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌body,‌‌so‌‌the‌‌process‌‌of‌‌digestion‌‌is‌‌a‌‌chemical‌‌change.‌  ‌
 ‌
Rusting‌‌of‌‌Iron‌‌:‌‌- ‌ ‌
  ‌When‌  ‌an‌  ‌iron‌  ‌object‌  ‌is‌  ‌left‌  ‌exposed‌  ‌to‌  ‌moist‌  ‌air,‌  ‌it‌  ‌chemically‌  ‌reacts‌  ‌with‌  ‌oxygen‌  ‌and‌  ‌water‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌  air‌‌
  to‌‌  form‌‌   a ‌‌
red-brown‌‌flaky‌‌substance‌‌called‌‌rust.‌‌The‌‌process‌‌of‌‌rusting‌‌can‌‌be‌‌represented‌‌by‌‌the‌‌following‌‌equation:‌  ‌
Iron‌‌(Fe)‌‌+‌‌Oxygen‌‌(O‌2)‌ ‌‌(From‌‌air)‌‌+‌‌Water‌‌(H‌2O ‌ )‌‌→‌‌Rust‌‌(Iron‌‌oxide,‌‌Fe‌2O ‌ 3‌ )‌  ‌ ‌
 ‌
  ‌Rusting‌‌   occurs‌‌   in‌‌  the‌‌   presence‌‌   of‌‌  both‌‌   oxygen‌‌   and‌‌   water.‌‌   The‌‌ more‌‌ humid‌‌ the‌‌ air,‌‌ the‌‌ faster‌‌ the‌‌ rusting‌‌ occurs.‌‌ The‌‌ 
rust‌‌   slowly‌‌   eats‌‌   away‌‌   or‌‌  destroys‌‌   the‌‌  iron,‌‌   leading‌‌   to‌‌  considerable‌‌   loss.‌‌   Since‌‌   iron‌‌ is‌‌ used‌‌ in‌‌ making‌‌ bridges,‌‌ ships,‌‌ cars,‌‌ 
truck‌‌bodies‌‌and‌‌many‌‌other‌‌articles,‌‌the‌‌monetary‌‌loss‌‌due‌‌to‌‌the‌‌rusting‌‌is‌‌huge.‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
Preventions‌‌of‌‌Rusting‌‌:‌‌- ‌ ‌
  ‌Rusting‌‌ can‌‌ be‌‌ prevented‌‌ by‌‌ not‌‌ allowing‌‌ the‌‌ iron‌‌ to‌‌ come‌‌ in‌‌ contact‌‌ with‌‌ moisture‌‌ and‌‌ air.‌‌ The‌‌ simplest‌‌ method‌‌ is‌‌ to‌‌ 
coat‌‌the‌‌iron‌‌with‌‌oil,‌‌grease‌‌or‌‌paint.‌‌These‌‌coats‌‌should‌‌be‌‌applied‌‌regularly‌‌to‌‌prevent‌‌rusting.‌  ‌
A‌  ‌more‌  ‌efficient‌  ‌method‌  ‌is‌  ‌to‌  ‌coat‌  ‌the‌  ‌iron‌  ‌with‌‌   another‌‌   metal‌‌   such‌‌   as‌‌  zinc‌‌
  or‌‌  chromium.‌‌   The‌‌   process‌‌   of‌‌
  depositing‌‌   a ‌‌
layer‌‌   of‌‌   zinc‌‌   on‌‌   iron‌‌   is‌‌  called‌‌   galvanisation.‌‌   The‌‌   iron‌‌   pipes‌‌   we‌‌  use‌‌   in‌‌
  our‌‌   homes‌‌   to‌‌
  carry‌‌   water‌‌ are‌‌ galvanised‌‌ to‌‌ prevent‌‌ 
rusting.‌  ‌
  ‌Rusting‌‌   of‌‌  ships‌‌   is‌‌ a ‌‌major‌‌ problem‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ shipping‌‌ industry‌‌ as‌‌ the‌‌ body‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌ship‌‌ is‌‌ always‌‌ in‌‌ contact‌‌ with‌‌ water‌‌ and‌‌ 
the‌‌   air‌‌   around‌‌   it‌‌
  is‌‌
  also‌‌   very‌‌   humid.‌‌   The‌‌   salt‌‌   in‌‌
  water‌‌   speeds‌‌   up‌‌ the‌‌ process‌‌ of‌‌ rusting.‌‌ This‌‌ leads‌‌ to‌‌ huge‌‌ monetary‌‌ loss‌‌ 
to‌‌  the‌‌   shipping‌‌   industry.‌‌   Rusting‌‌ of‌‌ iron‌‌ can‌‌ be‌‌ prevented‌‌ by‌‌ allowing‌‌ it‌‌ to‌‌ make‌‌ stainless‌‌ steel.‌‌ Stainless‌‌ steel‌‌ is‌‌ made‌‌ by‌‌ 
mixing‌‌iron‌‌with‌‌carbon‌‌and‌‌metals‌‌like‌‌chromium,‌‌nickel‌‌and‌‌manganese.‌‌It‌‌does‌‌not‌‌rust.‌  ‌
 ‌
Crystallisation‌‌:‌‌- ‌ ‌
  ‌Seawater‌‌   contains‌‌   salts‌‌   dissolved‌‌   in‌‌ it‌‌ which‌‌ makes‌‌ it‌‌ salty.‌‌ We‌‌ have‌‌ learnt‌‌ in‌‌ Class‌‌ VI‌‌ that‌‌ salt‌‌ can‌‌ be‌‌ obtained‌‌ from‌‌ 
seawater‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌   process‌‌   of‌‌  evaporation.‌‌ The‌‌ salt‌‌ obtained‌‌ in‌‌ this‌‌ manner‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ pure‌‌ and‌‌ its‌‌ crystals‌‌ are‌‌ small.‌‌ The‌‌ shape‌‌ 
of‌‌  the‌‌   crystals‌‌ cannot‌‌ be‌‌ seen‌‌ clearly.‌‌ Large‌‌ crystals‌‌ of‌‌ pure‌‌ substances‌‌ can,‌‌ however,‌‌ be‌‌ obtained‌‌ from‌‌ their‌‌ solutions‌‌ by‌‌ 
the‌‌   process‌‌ of‌‌ crystallisation.‌‌ It‌‌ is‌‌ an‌‌ example‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌physical‌‌ change.‌‌ The‌‌ process‌‌ of‌‌ cooling‌‌ a ‌‌hot‌‌ concentrated‌‌ solution‌‌ of‌‌ 
a‌‌
  substance‌‌   to‌‌  obtain‌‌   crystals‌‌   is‌‌
  called‌‌   crystallisation.‌‌   The‌‌   process‌‌   of‌‌
  crystallisation‌‌   is‌‌
  used‌‌   to‌‌  obtain‌‌   crystals‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌pure‌ 
solid‌‌substance‌‌from‌‌the‌‌impure‌‌solid‌‌substance.‌  ‌
  ‌Impure‌  ‌copper‌  ‌sulphate‌  ‌powder‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌  ‌purified‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌process‌  ‌of‌  ‌crystallisation‌  ‌to‌‌   obtain‌‌   large‌‌   crystals‌‌   of‌‌  pure‌‌ 
copper‌‌sulphate.‌  ‌
● Take‌  ‌a ‌ ‌cupful‌  ‌of‌  ‌water‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌beaker‌‌   and‌‌   add‌‌   a ‌‌few‌‌   drops‌‌   of‌‌
  dilute‌‌   sulphuric‌‌   acid.‌‌   Heat‌‌   the‌‌   water.‌‌   When‌‌   it‌‌
  starts‌‌ 
boiling‌‌   add‌‌   copper‌‌   sulphate‌‌   powder‌‌   slowly‌‌   while‌‌   stirring‌‌   continuously‌‌ . ‌‌Continue‌‌ adding‌‌ copper‌‌ sulphate‌‌ powder‌‌ 
till‌‌
  no‌‌ more‌‌ powder‌‌ can‌‌ be‌‌ dissolved.‌‌ Filter‌‌ the‌‌ solution.‌‌ Allow‌‌ it‌‌ to‌‌ cool.‌‌ Look‌‌ at‌‌ the‌‌ solution‌‌ after‌‌ some‌‌ time.‌‌ You‌‌ 
can‌‌see‌‌the‌‌crystals‌‌of‌‌copper‌‌sulphate.‌  ‌

Exercises‌‌   ‌

1.‌‌Classify‌‌the‌‌changes‌‌involved‌‌in‌‌the‌‌following‌‌processes‌‌as‌‌physical‌‌or‌‌chemical‌‌changes:‌‌   ‌
 ‌
(a)‌‌Photosynthesis‌‌-‌C ‌ hemical‌‌Change‌  ‌
(b)‌‌Dissolving‌‌sugar‌‌in‌‌water‌‌-‌P
‌ hysical‌‌Change‌  ‌
(c)‌‌Burning‌‌of‌‌coal‌‌-‌C
‌ hemical‌‌Change‌  ‌
(d)‌‌Melting‌‌of‌‌wax‌‌-‌P
‌ hysical‌‌Change‌  ‌
(e)‌‌Beating‌‌aluminium‌‌to‌‌make‌‌aluminium‌‌foil‌‌-‌P ‌ hysical‌‌Change‌  ‌
(f‌‌)‌‌Digestion‌‌of‌‌food‌‌-‌C
‌ hemical‌‌Change‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌

2.‌‌
  State‌‌ whether‌‌ the‌‌ following‌‌ statements‌‌ are‌‌ true‌‌ or‌‌ false.‌‌ In‌‌ case‌‌ a ‌‌statement‌‌ is‌‌ false,‌‌ write‌‌ the‌‌ corrected‌‌ statement‌‌ in‌‌ 
your‌‌notebook.‌‌   ‌

(a)‌‌Cutting‌‌a‌‌log‌‌of‌‌wood‌‌into‌‌pieces‌‌is‌‌a‌‌chemical‌‌change.‌‌(True/False)‌‌   ‌
(False)‌‌-‌‌Cutting‌‌a‌‌log‌‌of‌‌wood‌‌into‌‌pieces‌‌is‌‌a‌‌physical‌‌change.‌  ‌
(b)‌‌Formation‌‌of‌‌manure‌‌from‌‌leaves‌‌is‌‌a‌‌physical‌‌change.‌‌(True/False)‌‌   ‌
(False)‌‌-‌‌Formation‌‌of‌‌manure‌‌from‌‌leaves‌‌is‌‌a‌‌chemical‌‌change.‌  ‌
(c)‌‌Iron‌‌pipes‌‌coated‌‌with‌‌zinc‌‌do‌‌not‌‌get‌‌rusted‌‌easily.‌‌(True/False)‌‌   ‌
(True)‌  ‌
(d)‌‌Iron‌‌and‌‌rust‌‌are‌‌the‌‌same‌‌substances.‌‌(True/False)‌  ‌
(False)‌‌-‌‌Iron‌‌and‌‌rust‌‌are‌‌different‌‌substances.‌‌Rust‌‌is‌‌oxide‌‌of‌‌iron‌‌(Fe‌2O ‌ )‌  ‌ ‌
‌ 3

(e)‌‌Condensation‌‌of‌‌steam‌‌is‌‌not‌‌a‌‌chemical‌‌change.‌‌(True/False)‌‌   ‌
(True)‌  ‌
 ‌
3.‌‌Fill‌‌in‌‌the‌‌blanks‌‌in‌‌the‌‌following‌‌statements:‌‌   ‌
 ‌
(a)‌‌When‌‌carbon‌‌dioxide‌‌is‌‌passed‌‌through‌‌lime‌‌water,‌‌it‌‌turns‌‌milky‌‌due‌‌to‌‌the‌‌formation‌‌of‌c ‌ alcium‌‌carbonate‌‌(CaCO‌3)‌ .‌  ‌ ‌
(b)‌‌The‌‌chemical‌‌name‌‌of‌‌baking‌‌soda‌‌is‌s ‌ odium‌‌hydrogen‌‌carbonate‌‌(NaHCO‌3)‌ .‌  ‌ ‌
(c)‌‌Two‌‌methods‌‌by‌‌which‌‌rusting‌‌of‌‌iron‌‌can‌‌be‌‌prevented‌‌are‌p ‌ ainting‌a‌ nd‌g ‌ alvanization‌.  ‌‌ ‌
(d)‌‌Changes‌‌in‌‌which‌‌only‌p ‌ hysical‌‌‌properties‌‌of‌‌a‌‌substance‌‌change‌‌are‌‌called‌‌physical‌‌changes.‌‌   ‌
(e)‌‌Changes‌‌in‌‌which‌‌new‌‌substances‌‌are‌‌formed‌‌are‌‌called‌c ‌ hemical‌‌‌changes.‌  ‌
 ‌
4.‌‌
  When‌‌   baking‌‌
  soda‌‌
  is‌‌
  mixed‌‌  with‌‌
  lemon‌‌
  juice,‌‌
  bubbles‌‌
  are‌‌
  formed‌‌  with‌‌ the‌‌ evolution‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌gas.‌‌ What‌‌ type‌‌ of‌‌ change‌‌ is‌‌ 
it?‌‌Explain.‌‌   ‌

Ans‌‌   : ‌‌- ‌‌When‌‌ baking‌‌ soda‌‌ is‌‌ mixed‌‌ with‌‌ lemon‌‌ juice,‌‌ the‌‌ bubbles‌‌ which‌‌ are‌‌ formed‌‌ with‌‌ the‌‌ evolution‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌gas‌‌ is‌‌ due‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ 
evolution‌‌of‌‌carbon‌‌dioxide‌‌gas.‌‌Since,‌‌there‌‌is‌‌formation‌‌of‌‌a‌‌new‌‌substance‌‌in‌‌this‌‌reaction,‌‌it‌‌is‌‌a‌‌chemical‌‌change.‌  ‌
Lemon‌‌juice‌‌+‌‌Baking‌‌soda‌→ ‌ ‌‌Carbon‌‌dioxide‌‌+‌‌Other‌‌substance‌  ‌
 ‌
5.‌‌
  When‌‌   a ‌‌candle‌‌
  burns,‌‌
  both‌‌  physical‌‌
  and‌‌
  chemical‌‌   changes‌‌
  take‌‌ place.‌‌ Identify‌‌ these‌‌ changes.‌‌ Give‌‌ another‌‌ example‌‌ 
of‌‌a‌‌familiar‌‌process‌‌in‌‌which‌‌both‌‌the‌‌chemical‌‌and‌‌physical‌‌changes‌‌take‌‌place.‌‌   ‌

Ans‌‌:‌‌-‌‌When‌‌a‌‌candle‌‌burns,‌‌both‌‌physical‌‌and‌‌chemical‌‌changes‌‌take‌‌place.‌  ‌
First,‌‌the‌‌melting‌‌of‌‌wax‌‌is‌‌physical‌‌change.‌  ‌
Second,‌‌the‌‌burning‌‌of‌‌wax‌‌with‌‌the‌‌evolution‌‌of‌‌CO‌2‌ ‌is‌‌a‌‌chemical‌‌reaction.‌  ‌
Cooking‌  ‌of‌‌
  food‌‌  is‌‌
  both‌‌
  physical‌‌
  and‌‌
  chemical‌‌
  change‌‌   because‌‌
  raw‌‌
  vegetables‌‌
  get‌‌
  cooked‌‌
  which‌‌
  is‌‌
  a ‌‌chemical‌‌
  change‌‌ 
and‌‌the‌‌water‌‌changes‌‌into‌‌steam‌‌which‌‌is‌‌a‌‌physical‌‌change.‌  ‌
 ‌
6.‌‌How‌‌would‌‌you‌‌show‌‌that‌‌setting‌‌of‌‌curd‌‌is‌‌a‌‌chemical‌‌change?‌‌   ‌

Ans‌‌   : ‌‌- ‌‌The‌‌
  curd‌‌
  is‌‌
  formed‌‌
  from‌‌   milk.‌‌ Both‌‌ curd‌‌ and‌‌ milk‌‌ have‌‌ different‌‌ properties.‌‌ Also,‌‌ once‌‌ the‌‌ curd‌‌ is‌‌ formed‌‌ it‌‌ cannot‌‌ 
be‌  ‌reversed‌  ‌back‌  ‌into‌  ‌milk.‌  ‌So,‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌formation‌  ‌of‌  ‌new‌  ‌substances‌  ‌with‌  ‌different‌‌
  properties‌‌
  and‌‌  also‌‌   an‌‌
  irreversible‌‌ 
process.‌‌The‌‌setting‌‌of‌‌curd‌‌is‌‌a‌‌chemical‌‌change.‌  ‌

 ‌
7.‌‌Explain‌‌why‌‌burning‌‌of‌‌wood‌‌and‌‌cutting‌‌it‌‌into‌‌small‌‌pieces‌‌are‌‌considered‌‌as‌‌two‌‌different‌‌types‌‌of‌‌changes.‌‌   ‌

Ans‌  ‌: ‌ ‌- ‌ ‌When‌  ‌we‌  ‌burn‌  ‌wood,‌  ‌it‌  ‌turns‌  ‌into‌  ‌ashes‌  ‌which‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌new‌  ‌substance‌  ‌and‌  ‌process‌  ‌is‌  ‌irreversible‌  ‌one,‌  ‌hence‌‌
  is‌‌
  a ‌‌
chemical‌‌change.‌‌While‌‌cutting‌‌the‌‌wood‌‌into‌‌small‌‌pieces‌‌no‌‌new‌‌substance‌‌is‌‌formed,‌‌hence‌‌is‌‌a‌‌physical‌‌change.‌  ‌

8.‌‌Describe‌‌how‌‌crystals‌‌of‌‌copper‌‌sulphate‌‌are‌‌prepared.‌‌   ‌

Ans‌‌:‌‌-‌‌Crystals‌‌of‌‌copper‌‌sulphate‌‌are‌‌prepared‌‌by‌‌the‌‌method‌‌of‌‌crystallization.‌  ‌
The‌‌process‌‌is‌‌as‌‌followed‌‌: ‌ ‌
Step‌‌1‌‌:‌‌Take‌‌a‌‌cupful‌‌of‌‌water‌‌in‌‌a‌‌beaker.‌  ‌
Step‌‌2‌‌:‌‌Add‌‌a‌‌few‌‌drops‌‌of‌‌dilute‌‌sulphuric‌‌acid‌‌to‌‌this.‌  ‌
Step‌‌3‌‌:‌‌Heat‌‌the‌‌water‌‌and‌‌when‌‌it‌‌starts‌‌boiling,‌‌add‌‌copper‌‌sulphate‌‌powder‌‌while‌‌still‌‌stirring.‌  ‌
Step‌‌4‌‌:‌‌Add‌‌the‌‌copper‌‌sulphate‌‌powder‌‌till‌‌the‌‌solution‌‌becomes‌‌saturated.‌‌Filter‌‌into‌‌a‌‌bowl‌‌and‌‌allow‌‌it‌‌to‌‌cool.‌  ‌
Step‌‌5‌‌:‌‌The‌‌solution‌‌should‌‌be‌‌kept‌‌undisturbed.‌‌Slowly,‌‌the‌‌crystals‌‌of‌‌copper‌‌sulphate‌‌separate‌‌out.‌  ‌
 ‌
9.‌‌Explain‌‌how‌‌painting‌‌of‌‌an‌‌iron‌‌gate‌‌prevents‌‌it‌‌from‌‌rusting.‌‌   ‌

Painting‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌iron‌  ‌gate‌  ‌prevents‌  ‌it‌  ‌from‌  ‌rusting‌  ‌because‌  ‌it‌  ‌cuts‌  ‌the‌  ‌direct‌  ‌contact‌  ‌of‌  ‌iron‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌environment‌  ‌and‌‌ 
therefore‌‌there‌‌is‌‌no‌‌further‌‌exposure‌‌of‌‌iron‌‌to‌‌oxygen‌‌in‌‌moisture‌‌which‌‌is‌‌the‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌rusting.‌  ‌

10.‌‌Explain‌‌why‌‌rusting‌‌of‌‌iron‌‌objects‌‌is‌‌faster‌‌in‌‌coastal‌‌areas‌‌than‌‌in‌‌deserts.‌‌   ‌

Iron‌  ‌objects‌  ‌get‌  ‌rusted‌  ‌because‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌reaction‌  ‌with‌  ‌oxygen‌  ‌present‌  ‌in‌  ‌moist‌  ‌air.‌  ‌In‌  ‌coastal‌  ‌areas,‌  ‌the‌  ‌presence‌  ‌of‌‌ 
moisture‌‌   is‌‌
  more‌‌  because‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  sea‌‌
  or‌‌
  ocean‌‌   while‌‌
  in‌‌
  deserts‌‌
  the‌‌
  air‌‌
  is‌‌
  dry‌‌
  and‌‌ hot.‌‌ Therefore,‌‌ rusting‌‌ of‌‌ iron‌‌ objects‌‌ is‌‌ 
faster‌‌in‌‌coastal‌‌areas‌‌than‌‌in‌‌deserts‌‌due‌‌to‌‌presence‌‌of‌‌moisture.‌  ‌

 ‌
11.‌  ‌The‌  ‌gas‌  ‌we‌  ‌use‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌kitchen‌  ‌is‌  ‌called‌  ‌liquified‌  ‌petroleum‌  ‌gas‌‌
  (LPG).‌‌  In‌‌  the‌‌
  cylinder‌‌
  it‌‌
  exist‌‌
  as‌‌
  a ‌‌liquid.‌‌  When‌‌
  it‌ 
comes‌  ‌out‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌cylinder‌  ‌it‌  ‌becomes‌  ‌a ‌ ‌gas‌  ‌(Change‌  ‌– ‌ ‌A)‌  ‌then‌  ‌it‌  ‌burns‌  ‌(Change‌  ‌– ‌ ‌B).‌  ‌The‌  ‌following‌  ‌statements‌‌ 
pertain‌‌to‌‌these‌‌changes.‌‌Choose‌‌the‌‌correct‌‌one.‌‌   ‌
(i)‌‌Process‌‌–‌‌A‌‌is‌‌a‌‌chemical‌‌change.‌‌   ‌
(ii)‌‌Process‌‌–‌‌B‌‌is‌‌a‌‌chemical‌‌change.‌‌   ‌
(iii)‌‌Both‌‌processes‌‌A‌‌and‌‌B‌‌are‌‌chemical‌‌changes.‌‌   ‌
(iv)‌‌None‌‌of‌‌these‌‌processes‌‌is‌‌a‌‌chemical‌‌change.‌‌   ‌
 ‌
Ans‌‌:‌‌-‌‌(ii)‌‌Process‌‌-‌‌B‌‌is‌‌a‌‌chemical‌‌change.‌  ‌
 ‌
12.‌‌  Anaerobic‌‌   bacteria‌‌   digest‌‌   animal‌‌  waste‌‌   and‌‌   produce‌‌   biogas‌‌ (Change‌‌ – ‌‌A).‌‌ The‌‌ biogas‌‌ is‌‌ then‌‌ burnt‌‌ as‌‌ fuel‌‌ (Change‌‌ 
–‌‌B).‌‌The‌‌following‌‌statements‌‌pertain‌‌to‌‌these‌‌changes.‌‌Choose‌‌the‌‌correct‌‌one.‌‌   ‌
(i)‌‌Process‌‌–‌‌A‌‌is‌‌a‌‌chemical‌‌change.‌‌   ‌
(ii)‌‌Process‌‌–‌‌B‌‌is‌‌a‌‌chemical‌‌change.‌  ‌
(iii)‌‌Both‌‌processes‌‌A‌‌and‌‌B‌‌are‌‌chemical‌‌changes.‌‌   ‌
(iv)‌‌None‌‌of‌‌these‌‌processes‌‌is‌‌a‌‌chemical‌‌change.‌‌   ‌
 ‌
Ans‌‌:‌‌-‌‌(iii)‌‌Both‌‌processes‌‌A‌‌and‌‌B‌‌are‌‌chemical‌‌changes.‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
13.‌‌Give‌‌the‌‌difference‌‌between‌‌Physical‌‌and‌‌Chemical‌‌changes.‌  ‌
 ‌
Ans‌‌:‌‌-  ‌‌ ‌
Physical‌‌Changes‌  ‌ Chemical‌‌Changes‌  ‌

A‌  ‌physical‌  ‌change‌  ‌in‌  ‌which‌  ‌a ‌ ‌substance‌  ‌undergoes‌  ‌a ‌‌ A‌  ‌chemical‌  ‌change‌  ‌in‌  ‌which‌  ‌a ‌ ‌substance‌  ‌undergoes‌  ‌a ‌‌
change‌  ‌in‌  ‌its‌  ‌physical‌  ‌properties‌  ‌is‌  ‌called‌  ‌a ‌ ‌physical‌‌  change‌  ‌in‌  ‌its‌  ‌chemical‌  ‌properties‌  ‌is‌  ‌called‌  ‌a ‌ ‌chemical‌‌ 
change.‌  ‌ change.‌  ‌

Physical‌‌changes‌‌are‌‌temporary‌‌and‌‌reversible.‌  ‌ Chemical‌‌changes‌‌are‌‌permanent‌‌and‌‌irreversible.‌  ‌

During‌‌a‌‌physical‌‌change,‌‌no‌‌new‌‌substance‌‌is‌‌formed.‌  ‌ During‌  ‌a ‌ ‌chemical‌  ‌change,‌  ‌one‌  ‌or‌  ‌more‌  ‌new‌‌

  substances‌‌ 
are‌‌formed.‌  ‌

The‌‌substance‌‌retains‌‌its‌‌chemical‌‌properties.‌  ‌ The‌  ‌new‌  ‌substances‌  ‌formed‌  ‌have‌  ‌different‌  ‌properties‌‌ 

from‌‌the‌‌original‌‌substance.‌  ‌

Example‌‌-‌‌Boiling‌‌of‌‌water‌  ‌ Example‌‌-‌‌Curdling‌‌of‌‌milk‌  ‌
 ‌